摘要:

A simple and efficient method of estimating points on the psychometric function, and thus of estimating absolute and difference limens, is described. An illustration of the method is given in which sensitivity to inter‐aural time differences is measure

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1965.tb00689.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The performances of a group of children (Group C) and a group of adults (Group A) on 12 sub‐tests formed from Raven's Progressive Matrices Test (1947) have been separately factor analyzed. In the Group C results, the second factor can be recognized as adifficulty factor, but the corresponding factor in Group A is not significantly related to the difficulty of the sub‐tests.When the analysis is carried further by methods described previously, both sets of data can readily be accounted for by non‐linear regression functions relating the sub‐tests to a single factor. The difficulty factor in Group C is shown to correspond to differences in curvature of the regression functions. These differences in curvature correspond in turn to the expectation that an easy test will discriminate best at the lower end of an ability continuum and a difficult test at the higher end. In terms of the non‐linear treatment, the curves for Group A form a plausible continuation of the curves fo

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1965.tb00690.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The flow graph method of representing systems is described and a guide to flow graph construction is given. A system which might be involved in the control of drinking is used as an example of the ‘black box’ approach to flow graph construction, and this example is elaborated in sections dealing with procedures leading to simplification and quantification. The particular advantages of a flow graph representation of motivational systems are discussed and are seen to lie in those properties of the approach which afford precise description and measurement of the important variables in a biological sys

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1965.tb00691.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Researches on teachers' ratings of their pupils have indicated what appear to be two main dimensions of personality. Measurements of anxiety and of introversion obtained from questionnaires also suggest two dimensions, apparently similar in nature. Accordingly an attempt was made to relate the two sets of dimensions by using eight groups of secondary school pupils, each consisting of approximately 112 boys or girls in the first and fourth years of secondary modern and grammar schools. Ratings for personality, questionnaire scales, scores for tests of intelligence and attainment, and assessments of social conditions furnished 28 variables for fourth year pupils and 30 for first year pupils. A matrix of combined correlations was calculated for each of the eight groups. This was analysed by the method of principal components, and the axes were rotated in accordance with the Varimax criterion. Three factors were extracted which were comparable in each of the groups. The nature of the factors is discussed, and two possible interpretations are suggested.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1965.tb00692.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two multivariate statistical methods, factor analysis and canonical analysis, are compared on selected statistical concepts and an example is presented illustrating differences in interpretation arising from the use of the two methods. Only one factor analytic model is considered, this being the principal factor solution based upon the theory of principal components. A review of the statistical theory reveals that both methods call for the solution of characteristic equations to obtain the coordinate system which exhibits the correlations among multiple variables. They differ in the partitioning of the variables into sets, in the scalar quantity to be maximized in solving the characteristic equations, and in the linear regression models. An empirical example is presented to illustrate possible effects of these statistical differences on the interpretation of data. The illustration suggests that factor analysis may be more appropriate for hypothesis generating and exploratory studies, while canonical analysis should have wider application in research involving hypothesis testing and prediction.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1965.tb00693.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Records containing 2,154 inter‐response intervals (latencies) were obtained from 40 rats undergoing experimental extinction of a habit of pressing a bar to obtain food. The latencies do not generally tend to increase exponentially during the course of an experimental record, or follow any other smooth, continuous process of change. Gross discontinuities and lumpiness can be demonstrated; and these are the features that distinguish the records most clearly from random sequences of time intervals. The final event, extinction itself, appears as a significant discontinuity in every case but one. It can evidently occur without being induced by any continuous process; and perhaps the explanation of its occurrence should be sought by examining more closely the phenomena of discontinuities and lumpiness which contemporary theories overlook, and attempting to control them experimentall

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1965.tb00694.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is argued that where a person is uncertain as to the true answer in a multiple choice question, he should be encouraged to express his partial knowledge in terms of the subjective probability he attaches to each alternative being correct. A variety of answering techniques are examined, together with ways of scoring them, to determine how far they provide an adequate appraisal of the subjective probabilities. Ways of choosing an appropriate method and of improving it are considered and it is suggested that, by suitable training, subjects may be provided with a better understanding of the proper basis for making sound decisions.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1965.tb00695.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A common form of discrimination test consists ofnincorrect alternatives and a single correct alternative. Usually, the subject is permitted only one attempt to select the correct alternative. This is adequate if discrimination is all‐or‐none, but is not adequate in general. Two methods of assessing discrimination from multiple response data are described. In Method A the average probability of rejecting a wrong alternative is estimated. Method B is based on Information Theory. Both methods permit the comparison of tests involving differing numbers of alternatives without using a guessing correction. A probability model is described for relating the distributions of the number of attempts needed for such tests. This is relevant to one way of using the information‐measure to compare tests. It is also relevant to examining the effect of the traditional guessing correction if the assumption on which this correction is based is false. The paper concludes with a brief consideration of tests in which there is more than one correct altern

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1965.tb00696.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Signal Detection and Recognition by Human Observers: Contemporary Readings. Edited by J. A. Swets.Méthodes d'Analyse Factorielle à l'Usage des Psychologies. By MauriceReuchlin.Les Méthodes Quantitatives en Psychologie. By MauriceReuchl

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1965.tb00697.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1965.tb00698.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY