摘要:

An algebraic model relating the rate of learning to the pace of teaching and to pupil ability is described. The model accounts well for prior data on learning at different speeds and accurately predicts the learning deficit for able pupils taught in heterogeneous classes. The capacity of the model to predict changes of pace and learning from lesson to lesson is described.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1990.tb00921.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Guidelines are given for users of the simple Yes/No signal detection experiment, who want to design their experiments to ensure a given precision for estimators ofd. Additionally, simulations of small‐scale Yes/No and rating‐method experiments are employed, to investigate when the use of asymptotic results is justified. Finally it is shown how the pay‐off matrix for the Yes/No experiment may be manipulated in order to optimize precision.A general conclusion is that quite large experiments are needed in order to provide precise unbiased estimation ofd, with sampling distributions which are not appreciably s

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1990.tb00922.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper sets out to illustrate how anxiety may be incorporated into a formal decision theoretic utility model of choice, and to suggest several measurement procedures towards that end. The major propositions derived and posited in this paper lend considerable support to intuitive notions with respect to the effects of anxiety on human behaviour in risky decision situations. Namely, that the willingness of an individual to pay to reduce health risks (an economic indicator of individual welfare associated with reduced morbidity or increased longevity) tends to be positive and higher when anxiety is present than when it is not. The formal results of the analysis show that when psychological considerations are incorporated into a state‐dependent utility model, the normative results customarily obtained concerning valuc‐of‐life need to be qual

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1990.tb00923.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Intransitivities in preference relations are usually explained by shifts in choice criteria, i.e. shifts in points of view. This paper is concerned with the following problem: assume that a preference relationRon a finite set of alternatives is observed and that no information about choice criteria is provided, how many shifts of point of view are needed, at a minimum, to explain all the intransitivities ofR? A model is proposed that takes into account lexicographic shifts in point of view, and some bounds are computed for the minimal number required. One of the results of this paper is that this number is relatively small: ifpbinary preferences are expressed, then it is bounded by a function inO(logp).

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1990.tb00924.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A stepwise approach to the construction of latent trait models is outlined. As a special case of the derived general sequential model, a sequential Rasch model is considered. The derivation of the models is based on mechanisms of latent random variables. The unconditional maximum likelihood estimation is embedded in the framework of generalized linear models. An alternative estimation procedure which allows for ‘parameter separability’ is considered and its applicability is sh

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1990.tb00925.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In an earlier paper (Martín Andrés&Luna del Castillo, 1989), three statistical tests for assigning a mark for a student in multiple choice tests were set out. In the present paper, the authors give the power of all three tests, for the purpose of selecting the best one for each particular case. They also give the formulae for determining the minimum number of questions (sample size) for an examination withkalternatives (only one of which is the correct answer), to satisfy given requirements about the number of students one wishes to pass or fail undeservedly (formulae which are also valid for giving any other mark, or for deciding the student's level of knowledge with given exactitude).Finally, the authors prove that, under certain very general conditions, it is better to set questions withk= 3 alternative answers, whilst under another criterion, the valuek= 2 is to be preferred.The results are compared with the equivalent classic method

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1990.tb00926.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two theories of performance in multiple‐choice tests, one based on finite states and the other based on continuous distributions, are compared in this paper as regards their capability to account for data from an answer‐until‐correct administration of a test of spatial reasoning. The theories are shown to be almost equivalent in their predictions and to fit the data almost equally well, with a minimal advantage in favour of the continuous distribution theory. A theoretical analysis of the models shows, though, that the finite state theory is closer than the continuous distribution theory to an accurate representation of the processes involved in responding to test items. The finite state theory is also shown to be more general and flexible than the continuous distribution

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1990.tb00927.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper deals with three problems related to comparing independent treatment groups to a control. The first goal is to extend Dunnett's solution to two‐way designs. Let μjk(j= 1, …,J;k= 1, …,K) be the means ofJKindependent normal distributions. Percentage points of the multivariatetdistribution are supplied that provide two‐sided 1–α simultaneous confidence intervals for μjk– μjk(j= 1, …,J– 1;k= 1, …,K) when the variances and sample sizes are equal. Next, approximate methods for handling both unequal variances and unequal sample sizes are suggested and studied via simulations. A new two‐stage procedure is also described where the probability coverage is at least 1–α and the length of the confidence intervals are fixed in advance by the experimenter, even when the variances are unequal. Using real data, implications of the new results are illustrated for situations where a researcher is interested in performing multiple comparisons with the ‘best’ treatment group, where ‘best’ is defined to be the treatment group with the largest mean. In particular, the results in this paper can be used to determine whether the most effective of several treatments was correct

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1990.tb00928.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A number of procedures are investigated for testing differences in variability in seven population distributions. Some procedures, previously considered robust, are found to be robust only with certain sample sizes. Testing for kurtosis is found to be useful for increasing power providedN>60. For equal sample sizes, maximum power is found to result from the application of one of Levene's procedures with platykurtic distributions and the Brown‐Forsythe procedure with leptokurtic distributions. No procedure is found to be adequately robust for all populations with unequal sample sizes. However, several methods are determined to be adequate if run at half the nominal alpha leve

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1990.tb00929.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Published results on the moments of censored and truncated bivariate normal distributions do not include explicit formulas for all combinations of limits in a form that is readily adapted for computation. Moments for truncation and censoring that can take place both from above and below in both variables are given in a general form from which special cases are easily obtained. The attenuation of the correlation coefficients is studied in a series of graphs and related to examples of factor analysis.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1990.tb00930.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY