摘要:

The present study is largely concerned with the relation between reaction time and the temporal uncertainty of the signal. It is suggested that the appropriate measure of signal uncertainty is the conditional probability that the signal would be presented given that it has not been presented before. This conditional probability is called the expectancy function. It is assumed that the expectancy function influences the subject's state of readiness and this in turn influences reaction time; and ways of expressing these relations mathematically are discussed. It is shown that, with a suitable representation of subjective errors in time and probability estimation, a theory can be stated which accounts for the qualitative features of a variety of experimental data.The relevance of this theory to studies concerned with central intermittency is then discussed. It is argued that temporal uncertainty alone is insufficient to account for the increase in reaction time to the second of two closely spaced signals, both of which require a response. On the other hand, a model for the interaction of two responses is stated in which refractoriness in the central processes is not inevitable.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1967.tb00375.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes an attempt to develop a control device which has some of the characteristics of human processing rather than of the lead‐lag formulations of control theory. The controller's sensory limitations, the way in which it internally represents the behaviour of the system under control, and its control strategy, are described. A digital computer simulation of the controller has been subjected to two performance tests; and the limitations of its behaviour are discusse

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1967.tb00376.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is proposed that an error‐rate 1 should be set for each statistical decision to be made. Methods for testing statistical hypotheses in the context of analysis of variance are reviewed and evaluated from the decision‐based error‐rate viewpoint. If decisions are the proper bases for the choice of an error‐rate, the available methods for testing any or all linear contrasts or linear functions of the means are unacceptable. Two new methods (R and D) are proposed for testing all contrasts or linear functions. One implication of the arguments given here is that, for most purposes, research workers have been using the wrong tables of F to test their statistical hyp

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1967.tb00377.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although the multivariate normal assumption is common to many of the multivariate statistical methods used to analyse psychological data, its tenability is rarely examined. It is possible to derive a goodness‐of‐fit test of this assumption, but in practice sample sizes will not be large enough to make complete testing feasible. In such a situation a partial testing procedure is advocated, together with studies of robustness. A numerical example is given illustrating how the partial testing procedure may detect instances of distributions which have normally distributed marginals but which are not multivariate nor

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1967.tb00378.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous researches on judgements of facial expressions have used either verbal scales, pre‐selected or elicited, or non‐verbal multidimensional techniques. Certain disadvantages in the methods so far used are described, and a simple alternative procedure is tested. Data from a ‘free‐grouping’ task are analysed by a clustering method which is congruent with the assumption that the primary response to facial expressions is in terms of contextual or functional similarity. The principal disjoint clusters obtained are described in detail. The meaning of the clusters and of their interrelationships is discussed. It is suggested that there are wider applications both of the ‘free‐grouping’ procedure and of c

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1967.tb00379.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A theoretical frame of reference and an experimental method are described for investigating children's understanding of such logical connectives asIf … thenin certain binary propositions. A game is played with coloured beads and counters between experimenter and child which both obviates the need to use ‘naturally’ connected binary propositions and at the same time prevents the rejection of the propositions on account of their arbitrariness. The games consist essentially of a bead draw by the experimenter followed by a responding draw of a counter by the child, according to the instructions for each game.The frequencies of different conjunctions of bead and counter draws (pq,wherepandqare different kinds of beads and counters respectively) are obtained and converted to proportions. These proportions are compared with those expected theoretically according to the definitions of the main binary proposi

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1967.tb00380.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A mathematical method is proposed for clustering a set of elements with respect to a set of criteria. Input information is described in terms of a graph representing a distance function between the elements. Definitions are given for the concepts of a ‘tree’, and a ‘tree‐representation’. It is shown that clusters are particular kinds of subsets (level‐subsets) in a tree‐representation; and that a final pattern contains at least one non‐trivial tree, under specified conditions. An example of clustering is set out, and the computation of level‐subsets is described. The selection of clusters from a final pattern is

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1967.tb00381.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1967.tb00382.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Survey Sampling. By LeslieKish.Contrary Imaginations. By LiamHudson.Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics. By D. M. Greenand J. A. Swets.Logical Foundations of Psychological Measurement. By StrangeRoss.Pattern Recognition: Theory, Experiment, Computer Simulations and Dynamic Models of Form Perception and Discovery. Edited by LeonardUhr.Contributions to Mathematical Psychology. Edited by NormanFrederiksenand HaroldGulliksen.Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Biologists. By HilaryE. Seal.Introduction to Statistical Ideas for Social Scientists. By G. Kalton.On Theory and Verification in Sociology. By H. L. Zetterberg.Memory Abilities: a Factor Analysis. By H. PaulKelley.Questionnaire Design and Attitude Measurement. By A. N. Oppenheim.Psychological Tests. By EdgarAnstey.Program for Factor Analysis. By M. Wyatt.A FORTRAN Program for Canonical Correlations. By S. Hunkaand M. Wahlstrom.A FORTRAN Program for Nonparametric Statistics. By J. E. Carlson.Factor Scores Programs. By H. J. Hallworthand AnnBrebner.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1967.tb00383.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY