摘要:

Theoretical controversy attends the question of whether the recall process is in some fundamental way consistent rather than probabilistic. The question was investigated here by examining memory for series of pictures each containing three independently specified elements: colour, location and object type. After a delay, the recall of each item was assessed in a series of separate, well‐spaced tests by providing each of its elements in turn as a retrieval cue. The results were accurately represented by a model which proposes that recall of the functional memory trace (or ‘fragment’) is indeed primarily consistent, although deviations may occur for secondary re

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1978.tb00566.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A randomization model appropriate for evaluating priority effects in free recall (i.e. whether ‘new’ items are recalled prior to ‘old’ items) is discussed and related to well‐known non‐parametric significance tests. In particular, the bases for the measures that have been suggested in the psychological literature may be interpreted either in terms of Wilcoxon's rank sum statistic or through a specific entry in a 2 × 2 contingency table. The mean and variance formulas for a general correlational statistic are provided that specialize to the moments for the two measures already i

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1978.tb00567.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

All test items are perfectly reliable. The unreliability of test scores results solely from person fluctuations. The theory implies that: (1) test length effects are a sampling phenomenon; (2) person reliabilities can be compared from person characteristic curves; (3) all ICC for a unidimensional test have the same slope; (4) ICC are not necessarily invariant from one group to another; and (5) reliabilities of groups can be compared from ICC.A reliability coefficient of the theory is defined as the proportion of variance in obtained scores attributable to variance in average attribute level for subjects. Lower bounds for the classical reliability coefficient are also lower bounds for the new coefficient. Statistics calculated from this coefficient have no useful application.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1978.tb00568.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is shown that the Rasch model fits simulated coin‐tossing data very well. An explanation is offered and in the ensuing discussion issues concerning the fitting of latent trait models are raise

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1978.tb00569.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The phenomenon of conservatism in human Bayesian probability revision is examined for possible adaptive advantages. It is proved that violation of the assumption of conditional independence of data that are not taken into account is likely to result in posterior odds which are too extreme. In addition, any uncertainty in the reliability of the data implies that a Bayesian processor acting on the assumption that the data are reliable will overestimate posterior odds. It is argued that violations of either of the assumptions of conditional independence and reliability of the data are very common. Because of the nature of most inference situations, the existence or magnitude of such violations is often unknown to the processor. Hence conservatism may be interpreted as a desirable mechanism that compensates for the overconfidence inherent in the inference situation. Finally, it is shown that several findings in the Bayesian paradigm may be regarded as outcomes of a process that behaves optimally in view of the violation of these two assumptions.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1978.tb00570.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The classical problem of the sequencing of objects along a continuum may be solved in a rather elegant way, by means of linear algebra.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1978.tb00571.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A strength model for class dominance based on Luce's choice axiom is proposed for the analysis of finite individual sequences of items, which can be divided into homogeneous classes. Procedures for estimating the dominance parameters, which are by definition independent of the number of events, and for model testing are given. An example of an application of the model to the free recall of nouns, divided into classes by list membership during presentation, is provided.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1978.tb00572.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A model is described which contains as special cases a large number of models for the analysis of covariance structures. Using rules for a calculus of functions of matrices given by McDonald&Swaminathan (1973), the first and second derivatives are given, for any loss function, with respect to the parameters of the hypothesis, thus enabling a variety of methods of fitting and testing it.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1978.tb00573.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The conditional maximum‐likelihood estimates for a binomial logistic latent trait model are derived and examined. A computing algorithm is used to make a comparison between the conditional estimates and a set of unconditional estimates. The general conclusion is that there may be data sets for which significant discrepancies will occur between conditional and unconditional approaches to the estimation of the item parameter

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1978.tb00574.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A binomial logistic latent trait model for attitude items constructed and scored in the Likert tradition is proposed. Unconditional maximum‐likelihood estimates for subject and item parameters are examined and the model is applied to both simulated and real data. Advantages for data analyses which accrue from having an explicit model for Likert questionnaires are considered with one particular feature being a ready disclosure as to whether or not the neutral category functions as is expecte

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1978.tb00575.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY