摘要:

The advantages of basing the interpretation of mental factors on a model which is related to the possible physiological structure of the brain are re‐emphasized. The importance of the concept of determinacy of factors for those who claim that factors exist in some more or less permanent sense is pointed out, while the fact that good determinacy is seldom achieved is taken to counter‐indicate permanency. Examples are given to support the arguments, and it is shown that the value of factor analysis as a statistical aid is little affected when the notion of factors as entities is discar

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00474.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A model for quadratic similarity judgements developed previously (Gregson, 1969, 1970) is extended to deal with a form of bias, and to assess the information taken up by the parameters in the model. It is shown that judgements collapse, in terms of the model, into near randomness under restricted information conditions, but that this collapse is generally explicable in form, although it exhibits marked inter‐individual differences. Implications for similarity scaling models are note

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00475.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An improved Bayesian method, due to Lindley, for the simultaneous estimation of multiple regressions inmgroups is studied by applying the method to test data. Evidence is found to support the belief that in many testing applications the collateral information obtained from each subset ofm− 1 colleges will be useful for estimating the regression in themth college, especially when the sample sizes are small. Using a 25 per cent sample, the Bayesian prediction equations achieved an average 9.7 per cent reduction in mean square error, as compared with the within‐group least squares equations, when cross‐validated with a later sample. More importantly, the mean square error for the Bayesian equations based on the 25 per cent sample was only barely greater than that for the least squares equations based on the full sample data. Thus the main virtue of the method is that it permits predictions to be made separately for relevant subpopulations (e.g. male‐female) where sample sizes would otherwise be too small to achieve an acceptable degree of a

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00476.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A definition of binaural additivity is given in terms of the theory of simultaneous conjoint measurement. Additivity is then tested and verified by a conjoint measurement procedure. Methods for deriving psychophysical scales from such procedures are discussed, and the experimental scales are compared with the usual ratio scales for loudness, derived from extensive measurement such as magnitude estimation. The functions are in good agreement and it is concluded that binaural additivity of loudness holds for non‐zero stimulation of the ear

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00477.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Conrad's (1951) data on the performance of a human operator who has to respond to a complex temporal sequence of stimuli (obtained by a parallel arrangement of two, three or four signal sources and each delivering periodic signals) are compared with the properties of three kinds of signal processing systems, each constituting special cases of a general concept. In model I a simple dead time is assumed, while in models II and III the dead time after each response is a linear function of the preceding inter‐response interval duration.It is argued that the mean number of errors per unit of time, the criterion used so far, is a somewhat crude measure and that more decisive conclusions can be drawn when a more detailed description of the timing of the responses is available; for instance, in the form of the probability density function, or the joint probability density function of the response interval durations. The models may also find application in neuronal spike train analysis, and for problems in the field of operations researc

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00478.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The small sample power and the probability of a Type I error of a permutation test were investigated for the two‐sample problem. Empirical probabilities were obtained under the null and various alternative conditions for the permutationt‐test and, for comparison, Student'st‐test and the Mann‐Whitney 17‐test for normal, uniform and skewed populations. Values of the empirical α were within sampling variation bounds of the theoretical α, and the power values for the permutationt‐test were generally close to those of Student'st‐test and the theoretical values. For the skewed population, the power values of the permutationt‐test were higher than those of Student'st‐test if the means were positively related

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00479.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper presents a distribution‐free test of the null hypothesis that two independent samples are drawn from identical but completely unspecified populations. The test is a group randomization test, and the test statistic is a function of the sum of squared deviations between group relative frequencies in the samples. As its sampling distribution is conditional only upon the size of the groups formed and not on the individual observed values, the test is completely general and free of population distribution assumptions. It is applicable to categorical, discrete or continuous data, where the alternative does not specify the type of difference between populations. The complete exact null distribution of the test statistic is given for equal‐sized groups and equal sample sizes up to 12 each. The chi‐square approximation is investigated and seems sufficiently accurate for practical use in larger samples. Recommendations are made for the optimal number of groups to use. The merits of this test in comparison with the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov two‐sample maximum deviation test are fully

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00480.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The problem of the statistical significance of factor loadings is attacked, using the ‘jack‐knife’. The technique, while not new, has curiously not been applied to factor analysis. The procedure is outlined and applied to two classes of data: (1) real data from which a clear pattern of significant factor loadings emerges, and (2) random data which do not fare well under ‘jack

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00481.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper presents an iterative procedure for rotating a factor matrix orthogonally to a least squares fit to a target matrix which need not be fully specified. Applications of the procedure are discussed.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00482.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present paper discusses the relationship between the traditional factor analytic model and stochastic models of test behaviour for the case of dichotomous manifest variables. It is shown that the factor loadings can be interpreted as parameters of item trace lines. Furthermore, by comparing a linear and a nonlinear model of item characteristics, it is suggested that the assumption of a small number of latent dimensions or factors (small in comparison to the number of manifest variables) always requires the estimation of communalities making the explicit conceptualization of specific factors unnecessary. In addition, it is indicated that, because of the arbitrariness of criteria for the number of common factors, the general tendency among researchers to extract a small number of latent dimensions will, for a given data set, lead to quite similar results regardless of the trace line model chosen.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00483.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY