摘要:

The ability of pigeons to maintain a constant operant response rate, despite changes in the force required to operate the key‐mechanism, is discussed from a servoanalytic standpoint. It is shown that a first‐order linear feedback control system can account for the behaviour observed when a critical force requirement is not exceeded. Beyond the critical value the pigeons do not maintain the constant rate; and thus the control system is no longer linear. The existence of a limit to the applied force can account for this behaviour in this latter condit

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00350.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A general class of stochastic models for choice behaviour is described, which can be regarded as finite Markov chains with absorbing states and which subsumes some particular models discussed by Audley and Pike (1965). The equations for response probabilities and moments of response latency distributions are obtained from the properties of such chains and a very general approach is given in terms of ‘transition‐similar’ systems, which includes discrete time and continuous time processes. Generating functions for the systems are obtained and variations in parameters controlling the rate of occurrence of events in time are also considered. A brief discussion centres around some of the problems which arise in such a general treatment and the reasons for its usefu

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00351.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Several variants of a learning model for forced‐choice detection experiments (Atkinson and Kinchla, 1965) may be produced by making various reasonable assumptions regarding which events are effective in producing response bias changes. Atkinson and Kinchla assumed the bias changed according to a single parameter stochastic learning mechanism; such changes occurring only when no signal was detected. An alternative formulation uses two learning parameters and postulates that the bias changes on every trial, but at different rates according to whether or not the signal is detected. This two‐parameter model was applied to the data of Atkinson and Kinchla, and numerical estimates of the parameters were obtained which confirm the conjecture that the bias changes principally during non‐detection trials. In addition, the parameter estimates indicate that the relative effectiveness of information feedback is determined by its relative frequency of occurrence, an inference which was not possible from the single‐paramete

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00352.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Some general aspects of the analysis of mixtures of distributions are reviewed. For the analysis of some data of D. E. Broadbent a particular method is proposed and illustrated. In an appendix the convolution of log normal distributions is considered.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00353.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An approach to item analysis is described by means of which the difficulty of an item and the ability of an individual may sometimes be assessed without reference to the norms provided by some population. The model employed in the analysis could also be used to study any situation in which a number of subjects perform a series of tasks having the same two alternative responses. Some particular uses of the model are discussed briefly.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00354.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Kruskal's nonmetric method was used to provide a multidimensional scaling of two experiments in which series of taste mixtures with three and four chemical components respectively were matched to histogram pictures of taste mixtures. The results yielded dimensions of a space which could be related to the chemical composition of the stimuli: suggestions are made for reformulating the distance metric to take account of psychophysical response processes known to underlie taste comparisons. Scaling problems which arise as a consequence of the limitations of taste as a conveyor of sensory information are noted; possible methods of multidimensional scaling by matching theoretical and empirical interstimulus distances are discussed.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00355.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

When a subject makes a number of discriminations between pairs of reference objects, each time saying which of the pair is closer in value to a test object, there arise two problems: (1) deciding which patterns of responses are internally consistent and (2) scaling the consistent response patterns. This paper generalizes Shapiro's solution for the case of three reference objects. (1) The identification of consistent response patterns requires a certain partial higher‐ordered metric scaling of the reference objects; however, if certain incomplete sets of judgements are used, then only an ordinal scaling of the reference objects is demanded. (2) The consistent response patterns can be ordinally scaled, but only a rudimentary partial higher‐ordered metric scale can be establis

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00356.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A rotation method for the case of two dimensions is derived which maximizes the fit to a hypothesis of constant loadings in one factor in the least‐squares sense. An extension to cases of higher dimensionality is then presented together with an application of the procedure to the scaling of category judgements by the method of successive interval

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00357.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The usual method of carrying out a higher‐order factor analysis is simply to factor the matrix of intercorrelations between the factors of a lower level. It has been found difficult to achieve good simple structure when these higher‐order factors are rotated by means of an analytic rotation procedure. Instead, it is proposed that the projections of the original variables on an orthogonal higher‐order matrix should be computed and that this matrix should be rotated rather than the higher‐order factor matrix. Comparisons have been made between the old method and this new method for the same sets of data. The new method was thought to be superior in several r

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00358.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relations between clusters and factors arc described and discussed. A method of rank order cluster analysis (abbreviated ROCA) is compared and contrasted with factor analysis; it appears to be effective in detecting clusters of functionally similar variables and defining the common function of each cluster. The method is simple and may prove to have some advantages for psychologists, although the end result of the analysis is a classification byfunctionsand notcomponents.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00359.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY