摘要:

Previous approaches to the assessment of subjective organization in multi‐trial free recall (MTFR) have depended upon the identification of sequential structure which is stable over two successive recall trials. While these techniques give adequate estimates of the degree of subjective organization they are incapable of revealing its content for two reasons. Firstly, the resultant characterizations contain considerable redundancy; and, secondly, they are highly susceptible to the operation of chance factors. The approach described in the present paper, hierarchical grouping analysis (HGA), appears to meet these criticisms. The possibilities extended by using HGA are demonstrated in an analysis of some experimental data which examines the relationship between semantic inter‐item associations and recall structure. Finally, the possibility of applying HGA in other domains is discus

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1976.tb00699.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A mathematical model is proposed, based on catastrophe theory, to describe the qualitative effect of stress upon the neural mechanisms used for making judgements, such as estimating speed. The model is used quantitatively to fit data, and to explain the cusp‐shaped results of Drewet al.(1959), showing that introverts under alcohol tend to drive either too fast or too slow in a driving simulator. Experiments are suggested in which discontinuous jumps in perception of continuous variables like speed might well appea

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1976.tb00700.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The data analysis problem of ordering or sequencing a set of objects using an asymmetric proximity function is reviewed, with an emphasis on literature not generally referenced in psychology. In particular, an attempt is made to present some of the more important approaches to the asymmetric seriation task that have been developed independently under a number of different names, for instance, the triangularization of input‐output matrices, minimum feedback arc sets, maximum likelihood paired comparison ranking, majority rule under transitivity constraints, and so on. A simple numerical example that illustrates some of the basic concepts is presented in the course of the discussio

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1976.tb00701.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In real life many decision‐makers are faced with a sequence of problems of a similar nature but with varying features. Their performance can be observed and analysed through the construction of performance simulation models. Such analysis must distinguish between decision statements which are true, normative, subjective and simulative, and also between simple, ordinal, relative, absolute and distributional forms of statement. Measures of discrepancy are suggested for different forms of decision statement and techniques of comparing models and constructing simulative systems are describe

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1976.tb00702.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Disturbances in institutions are often thought to be due to special local circumstances. This paper outlines a general mathematical model for sudden outbreaks of disorder in an institution. The model is illustrated by applying it to the escalating sequence of events at Gartree Prison during 1972. Although the approach is largely theoretical some suggestions are made about the prediction and handling of disorder. In particular, the model suggests why the policy of ‘playing it cool’ is generally likely to be success

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1976.tb00703.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The robustness of signal detection theory (SDT) is investigated with respect to the form of the underlying distributions. Usually these distributions are taken to be normal; here an SDT model based on two overlapping uniform (rectangular) distributions is examined, for theYes/Noexperiment and therating‐methodexperiment. In theYes/Nocase the SDT measure (using uniform distributions) is found to be equivalent to a measure recently proposed by Hammerton&Altham (1971), and, from contingency‐table considerations, it is a measure likely to give similar conclusions to the SDT measure using normal distributions. In therating‐methodcase it is surprising to find that the SDT model with uniform distributions yields non‐significant goodness‐of‐fit statistics for many s

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1976.tb00704.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Given an independent random sample from ap‐variate normal population, a procedure is proposed for testing the equality of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix with no restrictive assumptions concerning its off‐diagonal elements. The procedure is simulated utilizing Monte Carlo techniques, and a method forpost hocprobing is also sugges

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1976.tb00705.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Comparatively little research has been reported on the nature of the distributions of existing association measures. In this paper, a Monte Carlo study of the distributions of 12 asymmetric association measures is reported. The derived distributions, and in particular their basic properties such as mean, variance, skewness and closeness to normal shape, provide valuable guides as to the expected performance of each of the association measures, at a given level of theoretical association in the underlying population.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1976.tb00706.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A measure is described which attempts to quantify one aspect of search behaviour, namely, the frequency of referring back to earlier parts of the search pattern or ‘harking back’. In a dialogue, harking back corresponds to bringing a topic up again when it was mentioned earlier; in a problem‐solving task, it corresponds to putting aside one line and picking up again from an earlier position. The coefficient of hark‐back may be interpreted variously as a measure of the working style, of the complexity of information‐processing, or of the searcher's inherent limitations, depending upon the nature of the task. Analysis of data from an interviewing study, where harking back was deemed to show complex decision‐making, gave encourag

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1976.tb00707.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A method of testing for significant relationships between multidimensional configurations is presented. The ‘index of invariance” is defined as the correlation between the inter‐point distances from one configuration and the corresponding inter‐point distances from a second configuration. Empirical distributions of the index are developed for varying numbers of points and dimensions. Fitting the Gram‐Charlier family of curves to these data, additional distributions of the index are estimated based on two parameters, namely, the number of points and the number of dimensions. Tables of significance are presented for the index in terms of the two parameters. Applications based on ordinal multidimensional scaling and other multivariate techniques are

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1976.tb00708.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY