摘要:

A continuous memorizing situation was studied in which test and study trials alternated throughout an experimental session. The items studied were paired‐associates. The interval between study and test for a particular item was randomly determined; and an item was given one, two, three or four reinforcements. A quantitative model is proposed which has two memory stores: a short‐term store in which the subject generates a carefully controlled rehearsal scheme of fixed length, and a long‐term store in which information is accumulated and lost. A large number of theoretical predictions of the model were verified quantitatively by the data, which confirm results of previous experiments, and support the hypothesis that highly structured rehearsal schemes play a major role in many short‐term memory and learning sit

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1968.tb00395.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper investigates whether the relation between the frequency of occurrence of a word and its sensory threshold can properly be ascribed to response bias. Seven models for the recognition process are tested against data of Brown&Rubenstein (1961). The models are of two kinds: probabilistic single‐threshold models and information‐processing models. It is concluded that the data can only be accounted for within the former class of models by assuming a differential effect of the stimulus as well as response bias. For the class of information‐processing models, the data require the assumptions that there is equal sensitivity for words of all frequencies and a lower criterion for more common words. The relation between the two acceptable models makes it apparent that the notions of ‘stimulus effect’ and ‘response effect’ are by no means as clear as has previously

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1968.tb00396.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Cost, a unidimensional additive non‐negative parameter, is defined and developed. Four models for the cost incurred in making a psychophysical decision are presented; two of these models are based on signal detectability theory and two are based on choice theory. In all models, cost is a function of the discriminability of the stimuli presented and the observer's response bias, and it is shown that in three of the models the form of this function depends critically on discriminability. The models are applied to the analysis of a reaction‐time study, a vigilance study, and the statistical properties of the consonant systems of four natural langua

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1968.tb00397.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A null‐point experimental method for measuring human performance is described. This method can be used in studies of learning and in other situations where the effect of learning is appreciable, though irrelevant to the experimenter's objective. It provides a form of constancy of experimental conditions which is appropriate if the subject is conceived as an imperfect goal‐directed system. The method is exhibited in connexion with two experiments and a subsidiary study. One experiment involves the acquisition of a skill in which the human subject learns to apply a single transformation rule. For the other main experiment, the subject learns to deal alternately with two rules (so chosen that interference as well as positive transfer of training takes place). Further, in this case, the subject learns a concept which (in an operational sense) comprehends the pair of rules. The subsidiary experiment involves a modification of the original technique which may be useful in more detailed investigations of concept learn

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1968.tb00398.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Until recently the main difficulty in the use of maximum‐likelihood estimation in factor analysis has been the lack of satisfactory methods of obtaining numerical solutions. This defect has now been remedied, and this paper describes new rapid methods of finding maximum‐likelihood estima

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1968.tb00399.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper considers the mean and variance of the two statistics, kappa and weighted kappa, which are useful in measuring agreement between two raters, in the situation where they independently allocate a sample of subjects to a prearranged set of categories.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1968.tb00400.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The paper is concerned with the measurement of internal consistency of rating scales and interviewing schedules, with the assessment of bias between different raters and with coefficients for measuring the degree of agreement between them. Analysis of variance models are first employed, but reference is also made to earlier psychometric techniques and to recent work by Armitageet al.and by Fleiss.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1968.tb00401.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Empirical findings about the perceived interaction of the components of qualitatively complex taste stimuli are reviewed and summarized. The revision of multidimensional scaling equations to incorporate a simulation of a mutually inhibitory or facilitatory interaction between components is discussed. Data from a previously published study on the perception of similarity among taste mixtures are re‐analysed for illustrative purposes and a description of them is shown to be less adequate when provision is made for one form of interaction than when this is omitted. A reclassification of stimulus‐response paradigms for studying taste mixture perception is outlined; and it is suggested that the interaction of taste components may be an artifact of the response measures u

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1968.tb00402.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1968.tb00403.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Logic of Statistical Inference. By IanHacking.Mathematical Epistemology and Psychology. By EvertW. Bethand JeanPiaget.Test Theory. By D. Magnusson.Elementary Statistical Theory for Behaviour Scientists. By J. W. Cotton.Fundamentals of Behavioural Statistics. By R. Runyonand A. Haber.

ISSN:0007-1102    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1968.tb00404.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY