摘要:

AbstractAccess to large portions of our knowledge is unstable, so that recall fluctuates depending upon momentary context. Laboratory interventions can stabilize access for a time, either by preventing the loss of precarious access (preventive maintenance) or by re‐establishing lost access (corrective maintenance). This paper describes two methods of measuring the magnitude and duration of such intervention effects. Preventive maintenance effects are measured by the degree and the persistence of asymmetry of up‐ versus down‐fluctuations on successive attempts to recall. The preventive maintenance effect of a single successful recall trial has a half‐life in excess of 1 month. The methods are suitable for comparing the effectiveness of various schedules and types of maintenance interventions for a variety of semantic memory content and for diverse subject popu

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe use of the mnemonic keyword method involves (a) the formation of an orthographic link between the form of a foreign word and that of a physically similar word in one's mother tongue (i.e. the keyword), and (b) the formation of a semantic link between the referent of the foreign word and that of the keyword. In a variation of this study method, English‐speaking learners were asked to study the grammatical gender of German nouns by substituting the concepts of a woman, a man, and an inanimate object for the feminine, masculine, and neuter genders, respectively. This more concrete representation of gender was then to be incorporated to an interactive image along with the referent of the keyword and that of the German noun. The three experiments reported in this paper yielded four main results: (a) instructing learners to recode the gender tag and to include its representation into an interactive mental image along with the referent of the German noun facilitated the recall of genders: (b) the facilitating effect of imagery instructions on the recall of genders was obtained only if the English translation was recalled; (c) the probability of correctly reporting the gender given that the English translation was not recalled was higher than the baseline for guessing if the learners were instructed to encode the gender before the translation, otherwise it was consistently near the baseline: and (d) in contrast with prior studies with French‐speaking subjects, the modified keyword method did not always enhance the recall of the familiar translation equivalents. The discussion bears mainly on the factors that might account for the difficulty of detecting a consistent keyword advantage in the recall of the familiar translat

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn social and psychological research, respondents are often asked to report the frequency of a behaviour by checking the appropriate alternative from a list of response categories provided to them. Previous research indicated that respondents extract comparison information from the range of the response alternatives, assuming that the average respondent is represented by values in the middle range of the scale, and that the extremes of the scale represent the extremes of the distribution. Extending this line of research, the present studies demonstrate that the users of a respondent's report are also likely to use the range of the response alternatives as a frame of reference in evaluating the implications of the report. Specifically, subjects are found to draw different conclusions about the respondent's personality (Experiment l ), or the severity of his or her medical condition (Experiment 21, from the same absolute frequency report, depending upon the range of the response scale on which the frequency was checked. Moreover, experienced medical doctors were as likely to be influenced by scale range as first‐year medical students, suggesting that the phenomenon is of considerable applied importance. Implications for the use of response alternatives in psychological research and diagnostic judgement are discusse

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSubjects attempted to identify the occasion on which theyfirstreported particular responses to questions that were askedtwiceduring an experiment on hyphosis and memory 1 week earlier. During this earlier experiment, subjects of high and low hypnotizability had been randomly allocatd to one of two recall test sequences: wake‐hypnosis ro wake‐wake. Recall improved from the first (R1) to the second test (R2) in a comparable manner for both test sequences, indicating a failure of hypnosis to enhance memory. It is noteworthy that, when later queried about the origins of specific recollections, the majority of subjects exhibited a bias to attribute their responses to R1, regardless of whether hypnosis was used during R2. Moreover, low hypnotizables exposed to the hypnotic procedure and, to a lesser extent, high hypnotizables who recalled both times in the waking condition displayed and exaggerated tendency to overattribute recollections to R1. These data indicate that individuals cannot distinguish between memories retrieved prior to hypnosis and those that occured during hypnosis. Implications for implementing judicial standards regarding hypnosis are discus

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPie and bar charts are commonly used to display percentage or proportional data, but professional data analysts have frowned on the use of the pie chart on the grounds that judgements of area are less accurate than judgements of lenth. Thus the bar chart has been favoured. When the amount of data to be communicated is small, some authorities have advocated the use of properly constructed tables, as another option. The series of experiments reported here suggests that there is little to choose between the pie and the bar chart, with the former enjoying a slight advantage if the required judgement is a complicated one, but that both forms of chart are superior to the table. Thus our results do not support the commonly expressed opinion that pie charts are inferior. An analysis of the nature of the task and a review of the psychophysical literature suggest that the traditional prejudice against the pie chart is misguided.

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050110

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050101

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY