ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUnconscious transference refers to an eyewitness's misidentification of an innocent bystander for a criminal perpetrator because of the witness's exposure to the bystander in another context. In a series of five field studies involving 330 retail store clerks and 340 students, five retention intervals from 2 hours to 2 weeks, seven bystander‐perpetrator intervals from 2 minutes to 2 weeks, three line‐up types, two levels of line‐up similarity, four different bystanders and four different targets, with one exception no evidence was obtained that could be interpreted to demonstrate the phenomenon of unconscious transference. That is, the resultsr repeatedly failed to reveal more misidentifications of an innocent bystander by witnesses who had been previously exposed to the bystander than by control evewitnesses who had not. To the contrary, the prior observation of the bystander often served to reduce the frequency of misidentification. In the final experiment the kind of misidentification error referred to as unconscious transference did occur, but only within a particular combination of bystander‐perpetrator similarity and line‐up construction: a combination that, in conjunction with the kind of event used, seems unlikely in real‐world settings. Nevertheless, the inclusion of a familiar face in the line‐ups often altered witnesses' choices in such a way that choosing someone was more likely when the lineup included a familiar face than when it did not. Finally, in contrast to the current explanations of unconscious transference, it is argued that it may not be a sense of familiarity with the bystander that is the basis of misidentifications; rather, it may also include incorrect inferences about the likelihood that the bystander might be th

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examined how expert abacus operators process imagery. Without imagery instructions a digit series was auditorily presented as one whole number (WHL list) or separate digits (SEP list). RT from offset of the probe to onset of the response was measured. The main findings were as follows: experts showed no difference in RT between the two lists, while significant differences occurred in non‐experts; non‐experts' RT increased with probed position, while experts' RT was flat if the series size was within their image capacity; experts' RT increased with probed position when the series size was longer than their image capacity, but its rate of increase was smaller than that of non‐experts; and the smaller the image capacity, the steeper the slope of the RT function. It was concluded that experts spontaneously encode the digit series into an imaged abacus, while non‐experts encode it verbally; that experts directly access the probed position within their image but serially process the verbally coded overflowed part; and that non‐experts search the digit series

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis experiment examined the effects of memory load over three periods of delay. Following presentation of 20, 35, or 50 targets, subjects were required to select these from an equal number of distractors 10 min, 1 week, or 2 weeks later. Increased target load (independent of increases in recognition load) decreased accuracy mainly by decreasing hit rate. Increasing delay decreased accuracy largely as a result of an increased false alarm rate. Most individual ROC curves, plotted onz‐coordinates, had slopes<1. Implications of this finding for the use ofd' are discusse

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious research demonstrated that respondents assume that the range of precoded response alternatives reflects the researcher's knowledge of the distribution of opinions or behaviours in the population. This assumption may influence respondents' reports in two ways: respondents may either use the range of the response alternatives as a frame of reference in estimating their own behavioural frequencies, or they may be reluctant to report frequencies that appear extreme in the context of the scale. Three experiments using reports of mundane behaviours, namely watching TV and drinking beer, were conducted to differentiate between the frame of reference and the self‐presentation hypothesis. The results of all studies favour the frame of reference hypothesis, and suggest that the impact of response alternatives is the more pronounced the less episodic information about the behaviour is accessible in memory. Specifically, proxy‐reports were found to be more affected by the range of response alternatives than self‐reports (Experiments 1 and 2), and respondents with dispositionally low access to self‐related information were found to be more affected than respondents with dispositionally high access to self‐related information (Experiment 3). Implications for questionnaire construction are

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350040101

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY