摘要:

AbstractSelf‐reported SAT and ACT scores and grades in college‐level mathematics and related courses were verified for 494 individuals. Correct responses decline for 2 years and then stabilize. The percentage of correct responses is approximately twice as high for individuals whose grades are in the upper tercile than for those whose grades are in the lowest tercile. Given that an incorrect report is made, the proportion of those overstating grades or test scores is approximately 0.50 for those in the upper tercile of the distribution, and 0.90 and 0.75 for those in the lowest tercile of the grade and test score distribution. The inflated reports of grades and test scores by individuals with low scores are interpreted as reconstructions of memory content based on failure experiences and the affective context of these experien

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn a study of the accuracy of recall of witnesses to a road accident, subjects watched a video recording of a natural scene for a few minutes. Two vehicles collided, and reports from the witnesses were taken using a version of the report form used by officers investigating road accidents in the UK. Witnesses were asked questions about the scene of the accident, about each of the two vehicles, and about the timing of the collision relative to a traffic signal. Does the accuracy of report depend upon the isolation of the witness? The study investigated this question by having some witnesses watch the video recording and complete the questionnaire alone, while other witnesses were encouraged to discuss their perceptions and recollections both while watching the recording and during an interval of a few minutes prior to administration of the questionnaire. All witnesses completed their reports in isolation. As a check on witnesses' expectancies, some of them, both individual and group witnesses, were informed prior to seeing the video recording that they would see a road accident and that they would be asked about it. The ‘uninformed’ witnesses were told to expect questions about the road scene. There was no overall difference between the recall accuracy of individual and group witnesses, but there was an interaction between groups and expectancy. When expecting to see a collision the group witnesses were more accurate than the individuals. Social facilitation in recall was restricted to occasions when the witnesses could anticipate the focus of the questions to be as

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPerformances on standardized map to landsurface matching tasks were compared following one of three training conditions. Subjects were explicitly instructed to represent the mapped landsurfaces as mental imagery arrays of selected features, and they were presented with sequences of landsurface drawings described as modelling image manipulation processes. Alternatively, subjects were presented with these same sequences, but without explicit instructions that they should be taken as modelling mental processes, or that any particular representational form should be used. Finally, control subjects were presented with neither explicit instructions on processing and representational form nor the sequences of landsurface drawings. Performance differences across the three groups were interpreted in terms of the use of mental imagery being strongly task‐determined in such map matching tasks, but the choice of processing strategy being more susceptible to influence from trainin

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFootball helmets contain a label designed to warn players of potentially catastrophic hazards associated with using the helmet as a point of contact. We assessed the effectiveness of the label in communicating this information to high‐school football players by asking them to reproduce the label's contents from memory under three conditions: pre‐season recall (n− 177), post‐season recall (n‐ 60), and post‐season recall with verbal priming (n− 71). Only 26 per cent of the athletes assessed at pre‐season recalled both the potential consequences of injury and the behavioural guidelines. Thus, most subjects were unable to recall the elements specified in protection motivation theory as necessary for inducing behavioural compliance. Exposure to the label over the course of the season did not enhance recall of these elements. In the post‐season priming condition, verbal reference to awarning labelproduced a significant priming effect in recall of the injury consequences; it did not affect recall of the behavioural guidelines. Implications for enhancing the efficacy of helmet warning labels are discussed, and future research directio

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn attempting to account for inferior mathematical attainment among deaf children of all ages, some researchers have proposed that observed deficits may be partly the result of an absence of vocalization and subvocalization in the acquisition and execution of arithmetic by the deaf. When performing mental arithmetic, hearing children, it is claimed, rely on covert counting mechanisms based on internalized speech, while their deaf counterparts, due to a lack of articulatory prowess, are unable to utilize such mechanisms and instead are forced to adopt other less effective methods based on associative retrieval of arithmetical facts from long‐term memory. The present study sought to throw light on these assertions. Ten prelingually profoundly deaf 12‐13‐year‐olds, and 10 hearing controls were required to solve the 100 simple addition combinations. Analysis of response times revealed strong similarities between the two groups, with all children appearing to employ mechanisms based on covert counting. Implications of the present results are discussed in the light of previous f

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo experiments investigated the effect of actual event duration and event memory on the retrospective estimation of public event duration. Experiment 1 provided a typicality score for each of 20 public events. The typicality score represents the degree to which the event's actual duration deviates from the typical duration of its category. Subjects in Experiment 2 estimated the duration of the events used in Experiment 1 and indicated whether they remembered the events. Typicality scores were found to be highly correlated with estimation accuracy, and to predict whether event duration was under‐ or over‐estimated. Remembering an event slightly increased estimation accuracy. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the assessment of eyewitness retrospective duration estimation abilities, and the reconstructive model of retrospective duration estimation proposed by Burt and Kemp (19

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe research reported here investigated the relative efficiency of rote and gist strategies in the learning of theatrical scripts. Two conditions (rote and gist) and two subject populations (professional actors and psychology students) were used in both immediate and delayed testing. A new scoring scheme to determine accuracy of recall was devised using strict, moderately strict, and lenient measures of accuracy. The primary finding was that a gist strategy led to better literal recall even for material that needed to be remembered verbatim. However, while recall was approximately equal for actors and students in the gist condition, actors' performance was less depressed by the constraints of the rote condition which minimized the possibility of processing for meaning. Post‐test statements of subjects' strategies were analyzed for commonalities. Actors and students in the gist condition pursued similar strategies but with different goals and different emphases. Statements by subjects in the rote condition revealed attempts by actors but not by students to relate speeches currently being repeated to antecedent materia

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070110

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350070111

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY