摘要:

AbstractMnemonics research has focused on cognitive aspects of mnemonics. This study explored some motivational aspects of mnemonics–factors that can affect how much people mightwantto use mnemonics. It was hypothesized that using a mnemonic can make learning easier and more fun. College students used the rhyming peg mnemonic to learn 12 sayings (e. g. ‘Curiosity killed the cat’). The students rated the task as being easier (lower difficulty and effort) than did control students who learned the sayings without the mnemonic. There was also a tendency for the mnemonic students to rate the task as being more fun (higher interest and enjoyability), although behavioural measures of interest did not support the ratings. The mnemonic students also recalled more sayings than did the control students. The results suggest that, in addition to the cognitive effectiveness of mnemonics in increasing recal, mnemonics might also have the potential to make learning easier and possibly mor

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe cognitive interview is a technique which has been developed by Geiselman and Fisher to help police officers interrogating witnesses. Previous research has shown the advantage of the cognitive interview over standard interview procedures. Reports generated with this interview technique comprise an average of 35% more correct information while the amount of incorrect information is usually unaffected. In previous studies, the number of correct and in correct details was counted directly from the transcriptions of the interviewee statements. The present experiment was conducted to investigate the novel idea of whether there would also be an advantage of the cognitive interview when the written accounts/protocols of the interviewers were used to analyse the amount of correct and incorrect information they produced. Interviewes saw a video film showing a blood donation event. One week later they were questioned about the film using either a cognitive or a standard interview. The interviewers prepared from their memory written accounts/protocols of the event. The number of correct, false, and confabulated details was counted from these protocols and from the tape recordings of the interviews. There sults showed when interviewed using the cognitive interview the interviewees recalled, as hypothesized, about 60% more correct information than did those interviewed using standard interviews. This advantage of the cognitive interview was preserved in the interviewer accounts/protocols where about 50% more correct facts were recalled by the interviewers.

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious studies have promoted the use of elaborative interrogation (a “why”‐questioning strategy) for the acquisition of factual information. One assumption in these studies is that prior knowledge influences when students will be able to use the strategy, with greater prior knowledge leading to higher recall performance. In the studies reviewed here, the effect of prior knowledge on strategy effectiveness was investigated. Specifically, students' performances were compared for materials about which they possessed substantial prior knowledge, little prior knowledge, inconsistent prior knowledge, or shared prior knowledge. In general, the data support the use of elaborative interrogation when studying alone or in dyads especially when learners possess some relevant prior knowledge about the new inform

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAfter discussing the nature of corporate symbols and the factors involved in understanding them, this paper reports two studies. We test various conjectures about the process of comprehension using a single, complex corporate symbol. Three sources of information are shown to contribute to an individual's understanding of the symbol: (1) the purpose ofthe communication; (2) the properties of the symbol–graphical and referential; and (3) the context in which the symbol is seen. We also show that the process is constrained in predictable ways. We consider these studies to be a step in the development of a psychological theory to inform the process of designing symbol

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis research investigated the role social context plays in determining the content and organization of remembered information. As a manipulation of social context, subjects talked about a short story either with another subject (dyads) or for an experimenter (experimenter‐tested). In addition, the instructions were manipulated: Subjects were asked about their memory of the story or their personal reactions to it. Regardless of instructions, the dyad subjects spoke more about their evaluations of the story, included more comments linking the story to a larger knowledge frame (metacomments), and more often used remembered details to support their positions. In contrast, the experimenter‐tested subjects more often included story details and interpretations in narrative accounts of the story. The dyad subjects included in their recalls information that is part of story memory but seldom evidenced by single subjects remembering for an experiment. Thus conversational remembering often relies on a nonnarrative retrieval strategy. Regardless of social context, personal reaction instructions led to more meta‐comments and evaluations, and less narrative than memory instructions. The organization and content of non‐narrative conversational remembering may be explained by the dual demands of conforming to conversational rules and of establishing social bonds through self‐revealing

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe primary motivation behind the advocated use of plain language in legal documents is to increase comprehension among non‐experts. We report empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of three kinds of simplification of standard legal contracts for increasing comprehension among naïve readers. A set of legal contracts was redrafted in three stages to produce three modified versions. In the first stage we removed or replaced archaic and redundant terms; in the next stage simplified words and sentence structure were introduced; in the final stage legal terms were defined or replaced with simpler terms. Comprehension, as measured by paraphrasing and question‐answering tasks, was reliably enhanced by the use of simplified words and sentence structure, but absolute levels of comprehension were still very low. An examination of erroneous responses suggested that, quite apart from the constraints of language, non‐experts have difficulty understanding complex legal concepts that sometimes conflict with prior knowledge and b

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350080101

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY