摘要:

In 1939, Carl Hovland and Robert R. Sears presented data that they believed linked fluctuations in the price of cotton to lynchings in the South, a linkage first suggested six years earlier by Arthur Raper. This correlation quickly became a popular illustration of frustration‐aggression theory. A few years later, a statistical critique by Alexander Mintz cast the reality of the association into doubt, but a sample survey of members of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues reveals that Howland and Sears's “finding” is still widely, if imprecisely, known and accepted. Their article continues to be cited in the social‐psychological literature and in many introductory textbooks. The failure of Mintz's critique to catch up with the striking but flawed, original report illustrates a structured impediment to reliable knowledge in the social s

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01177.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Earlier research indicates that the “academic hierarchy” encourages and reflects both meritocratic standards and long‐standing status distinctions. Using a nationwide survey of graduate and professional students, this study considers the relative and independent influence of students' social class, sex, race, undergraduate achievement, and rank of undergraduate institution attended on rank of graduate or professional school they attend. Students in the total group, universities and colleges, as well as public and private institutions are examined. Analysis of covariance results suggest that undergraduate rank is the strongest predictor of rank of institution attended. Attendance at highly ranked undergraduate institutions predicts appropriate location at prestigious graduate and professional schools. Level of undergraduate achievement also has independent effects. Higher achievement predicts attendance at both highly ranked and slightly lower ranked institutions. Social class influences location in the academic hierarchy, but in an unexpected direction. Working class students often attend higher ranked schools than their upper middle and middle class counterparts. Findings show that men and women attend similarly ranked institutions, and female students attend higher ranked schools than males. The independent effects of race also indicate that racial groups attend different as well as similarly ranked institutions. Finally, limited interactions of three independent variables show that expected merit, social class, and sex advantages do not persist for all stu

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01178.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper compares a model of labor supply for female heads of household, male heads, and wives. Not only have female‐headed households increased significantly as a proportion of all households in recent years, but these households are also more likely to be in poverty than are other households. Yet, the determinants of labor supply for this increasingly important demographic group still are largely unknown. Analyses are performed on a sample of employed female and male heads and wives from the 1976 Survey of Income and Education. We examine the effects of wages, unearned income, number of children, and several other variables on hours worked per year, allowing for race interactions. We find that female heads and wives are similar in the effects of wages on their labor supply, while female and male heads are similar in the positive effect of children. We conclude that although financial need, as evidenced by low wages and children, increases female heads’labor supply, employment in more advantaged, non‐female dominated jobs and core industries is needed to promote their full participation in the labor

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01179.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is a method of policy analysis that offers great potential for integrating scientific policy analysis into a democratic political process. This potential has not been realized in large part because there has been no theoretical framework to guide SIA. In this paper I propose such a framework, using Habermas’(1970) pragmatistic approach to policy. The framework suggests heavy emphasis on use of SIAearlyin the policy process and on methods that emphasize impact identification and portraya

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01180.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The volume of research on fear of crime in the United States is substantial and continues to regularly appear in sociology and criminology journals. Despite the amount of research on the subject, the measurement procedures most frequently used are suspect because of theoretical and methodological shortcomings. We present a conceptual definition of fear of crime and then systematically review the way it has been measured in research over the last fifteen years. The review indicates that whik omnibus fear of crime and risk of crime measures are only moderately correlated, a substantial number of studies have used risk measures and generalized to fear. Suggestions for future research are offered.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01181.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article evaluates the extent to which Melbin's (1978) ideal type of frontiers can be applied to a new frontier, outer space. Although outer space fits Melbin's model of frontiers in a number of ways, several deviations are also apparent. These deviations from the model are linked to a combination of four characteristics of outer space as a frontier: the highly technological nature of travel, dependence on Earth, government control, and the initially perceived limitlessness of space. This application leads to further specifications of Melbin's conceptualization of frontiers and provides the basis for speculation concerning the future of outer space as a frontier.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01182.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviews in this article.Writing for Social Scientists. Howard S. Becker

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01183.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY