摘要:

This paper draws attention to the common‐law distinction between felonies and misdemeanors. It asks whether this distinction, when drawn on the level of formal criminal procedure, has its counterpart on theinformallevel, in the use of different criteria to decide whether and how to prosecute the defendant. Analysis of data from the District of Columbia indicates that the felony‐misdemeanor distinction clearly conditions the role of both legally relevant and irrelevant factors, but not in the simple straightforward way initially hypothesized. The paper concludes with a discussion of the empirical and theoretical implications of the findi

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1982.tb01235.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A two‐dimensional model of inner and outer self‐esteem is discussed wherein inner self‐esteem is hypothesized to be an outcome of self‐evaluations of performance in prominent role identities. Outer self‐esteem is hypothesized to be related to self‐evaluations of both prominent and nonprominent role identities. The research context is a comparison of the different processes facilitating self‐esteem in innovative schools (emphasis on student‐initiated activities and control) and traditional (emphasis on pre‐determined curriculum and teacher‐administrator control).Data across school type demonstrate a modest correlation between positive self‐evaluations of performance in prominent role identities and both types of self‐esteem. The data suggest that high evaluation of performance in nonprominent role identities is related to outer self‐esteem but not to inner self‐esteem. Further empirical clarification of the concepts was established by viewing the relationships within school type. In the innovative schools both types of self‐esteem were predominantly related to positive evaluations of prominent role identities, whereas in the traditional schools both types of self‐esteem were related to both performance in prominent and nonprominent role identities. Thus the theoretical distinction gained partial support while the process of gaining self‐esteem was shown to be essentially different between alternate school structures. Controls for social desirability, race, sex, and father's occupat

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1982.tb01236.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to investigate conditions underlying the social self process within marital relationships. Two hypotheses were tested in a mail questionnaire survey of 165 couples: 1) Mead and Cooley's hypothesis that self‐appraisal is positively associated with other's view of self, and 2) an extension of this hypothesis suggesting that the association between self‐appraisal and spouse's appraisal is greater, and the appraisals are more favorable, when marital power is shared, household role responsibilities are shared, and marital solidarity is high. The first hypothesis was supported: self‐appraisal was significantly correlated with other's view of self. The second hypothesis was strongly supported for solidarity: the greater the couple's solidarity, the more favorable and the more similar were self‐appraisal and other's appraisal of self. Only partial support was found for a positive association of shared marital power and roles with appraisals of self an

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1982.tb01237.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Voluntary organizations have long been believed to have important effects on the attitudes of their members, but the relatively few attempts to investigate such effects have produced inconsistent results. This paper uses a statewide proportional sample to investigate relationships between (a) membership and participation in ten types of voluntary organizations and (b) two types of attitudes about the community. After individual and community characteristics were controlled, experience with voluntary organizations was found to explain about five percent of the variance in respondents' perceptions of their ability to influence community affairs, but relationships with willingness to leave the community were considerably weaker. Somewhat stronger relationships were found when the analysis was confined to respondents for whom voluntary organizations or community participation was particularly salient. Overall, this paper indicates that the impact of voluntary organizations on community attitudes is weaker than earlier theoretical statements have suggested. However, it also shows that the relationship varies according to type of organization, salience of participation for the respondent, respondents' sociodemographic characteristics, and the specific community attitude being investigated.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1982.tb01238.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The legal admission status (voluntary v. involuntary) of patients admitted to a state mental hospital was compared with the patients' willingness to enter the hospital, social resources, dangerousness, and management within the hospital. The legal admission status was found to be strongly associated with a willingness to enter, but there is much continued resistance and coercion associated with hospital admission. Indices of social power were not related to legal admission status with the exception that blacks were disproportionately admitted involuntarily.The only significant finding about legal status and judgments of dangerousness was that people judged to be dangerous to self were more frequently admitted as voluntary. Legal status was not significantly related to time prior to gaining ground privileges or discharge from the hospital.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1982.tb01239.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1982.tb01240.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY