摘要:

A social‐psychological perspective, used in the analysis of three cases of nonviolent direct action, combines the “exchange theory” of Homans and the two and three dimensional approaches for the analysis of interpersonal behavior suggested by Leary and Bales. The three dimensions are: dominance‐submission, positive‐negative, and goal, oriented‐deviant. Once the behavior of a nonviolent actor has been identified in this three dimensional space, the expected behavior of his opponent can b

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00667.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Nonviolent action will produce attitude change to the exlent that it satisfies either or both of two prerequisites. It must either interfere with the functions served by the attitudes or it must produce some inconsistency between the attitudes and other orientations of the persons affected by the action. The three major functions served by attitudes are object orientation, ego‐support, and ego‐defense. For many social attitudes the ego‐support provided by attitudes which help define a person's relation to a reference group is especially powerful, Functions may be blocked by a particular set of conditions, which may have little in common with one another. Inconsistencies may occur among different attitudes or among the components of a single attitude. One class of inconsistencies that is of particular importance occurs when people are persuaded or mildly pressured into action contrary to their attitudes. Each of the sources of attitude change pressure carries its own requirements for producing change and its own mechanisms for protecting attitudes against change pressures. Nonviolent action does not necessarily meet these requirements or overcome the defenses. However, with knowledge of the functional bases and conceptual contexts of the attitudes being challenged it may be possible to utilize the resources present in nonviolent action to increase the likelihood of a desirable i

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00668.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The term “nonviolent resistance” is frequently assumed to refer to a single and coherent theory about the proper way to manage conflict. There are, however, two quite different theories subsumed by this general term. One assumes a basic human harmony and denies the morality of or necessity for either coercion or violence. The second regards conflict as normal, even healthy; nonviolence is perceived as an economic way of testing strength and the only limit set upon means is that of threatening or using physical force. Because activists, advocates, and observers often fail to distinguish these views, the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance is frequently impaired. This is because resisters of differing views fail to find a common basis for cooperation and because the spectator is confused by apparently contradictory professions and acti

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00669.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The conscientious and pragmatic forms of nonviolence are discussed as sanctioning strategies adapted to different phases in the development of a social movement. Some general factors affecting the evolution of a movement's relations with its institutional environment are also considered.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00670.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Woman's Party, a militant woman's suffrage organization, was active in nonviolent protests from 1916 through 1919. The party members, who drew their inspiration from the woman suffrage movement in Great Britain, were predominately middle and upper class. They were motivated to protest by the descrepancy between their relatively high social status and their relatively low political power.Although they continued to agitate for equal rights after the suffrage ammendment became part of the Constitution, they did not generalize their concern to an explicitly pacifist ethic but continued to emphasize the particularistic ideology of feminism.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00671.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A 1963 nonviolent mass demonstration for civil rights at Durham, N.C., is here described on the basis of interviews with participants, businessmen, and political figures. A utility model to help account for the personnel, form, and site of such a protest includes the processes of evolution, contagion, and reinforcement.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00672.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Interviews with Negro members of the Congress of Racial Equality during 1961–1963 show that the commitment to nonviolence was both extensively and intensively weak. Cross tabulation of attitudes on nonviolence with attitudes toward war indicates no consistent pacifism, but a tendency for radicals to reject military service while accepting violence in the movement, and for moderates to accept military service while rejecting violence in the movement. Radicalism was associated with inconsistent status experiences: Northern upbringing and the combination of high occupational and educational status with low racial status. Exposure to radical ideas was also a strong factor. The connection between the verbal, ideological radicalism of the CORE activists and actual ghetto insurrections is complex. The predominantly middle class CORE members are unlikely to engage in such class‐alien behavior, but they do produce an ideology which politicizes lower class Negro youths and legitimates spontaneous violence as a form of prot

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00673.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The larger movement for racial equality in the United States has experienced considerable structural and ideological differentiation in the past decade, largely as a consequence of disagreement over tactics to be employed. Two direct‐action sub‐movements, the southern sit‐ins and the urban riots, best illustrate the divergence with the former committed to tactical nonviolence and the latter to violent means of effecting social change.To regain the momentum lost through this differentiation, certain leaders must reorganize a major part of the black population around a tactical approach that acknowledges both the peculiar needs and temper of the potential protestors, and the nature and tolerance level of the system it seeks to change. Responding to these criteria, the approach may develop in the form of an extremely militant but basically nonviolent tactic of social disruption, combining all but the most violent techniques used to date by equal rights acti

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00674.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00675.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00666.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY