ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(199221)13:1<1::AID-IMHJ2280130102>3.0.CO;2-Z

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA concept deriving from the Japanese wordamaeis introduced as that which bridges dependence and attachment, two conceptually different states. The word primarily refers to what an infant feels when seeking his or her mother, but it can also apply to an adult to indicate the presence of a similar feeling of being emotionally close to another. Significantly, the feeling ofamaeis not mediated by words, though it can be acknowledged as such on reflection. Also, when frustrated, it can easily lead to a desire for such a feeling. Two popular stories, one French and the other American, are cited to illustrate the existence ofamae, and, in fact, its central importance, even in non‐Japanese contexts. The psychology of keeping pets can also be understood in terms ofamae. It is thus maintained that though the concept comes from Japanese, it is universally applicable and can shed new light on the emotional life which has been the main target of psychoanalytic investigatio

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(199221)13:1<7::AID-IMHJ2280130103>3.0.CO;2-E

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDoi's paper has successfully spelled out several important points onAmae: (1)Amaeis an interpersonal process; (2) the origin ofamaeprobably lies in the infant‐mother relationship; (3) the concept ofamaeprovides no absolute standard to classify a behavior in terms ofamae; (4)amaeis best understood as a combination of patterns of behaviors; and (5)amaeis a very broad concept.Implicit, but insufficiently recognized in Doi's paper, is the concept thatamaeis an interpersonal process of negotiation that is continuously revised throughout life. It is not just a motivational factor embedded in an individual; underneath the surface phenomenon ofamae, anamaeru‐ing person usually allows the other to feel needed, valued, and respected. Operationalizing the concept ofamaefor international research requires that the term be defined in relation to a combination of patterns of behaviors observable in the infant/child‐mother

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(199221)13:1<12::AID-IMHJ2280130104>3.0.CO;2-8

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe wordamaeis generally used in the Japanese language with a variety of emotions depending on different interpersonal interactions. (1) When an adult identifies with an infant or a child and directs appropriate emotional availability, the affect of dependence and attachment that the adult recognizes in the child is calledamae(the prototype of the word). (2) When an adult has little empathy with the dependency or attachment shown by the child, the adult negatively perceives that the child is “amaeru‐ing.” Experiencing such discommunications, the child begins to test adults to see if they have empathy with him or her. In other words, he or she begins to formulate certain psychological functions linked withamaesuch as reading other people's expressions—hitomishiri(stranger anxiety) orenryo(hesitation or reserve). (3) When the child is good at actively manipulating the emotions of adults and creates such a state of affect as to satisfy his or her dependence or attachment, he or she is said to be anamaeru‐ing child. (4) When the child, although he or she is actually dependent on or loved by adults, denies the fact and behaves innocently or defiantly, the child is said to be in a state ofamae.The usage of the wordamaedescribed above can be observed in exactly the same manner in interactions betwe

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(199221)13:1<18::AID-IMHJ2280130105>3.0.CO;2-O

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Japanese wordamaerefers initially to the infant's feelings and attachment behavior toward the mother. Doi has vividly described howamaeis carried through into adulthood characterizing Japanese social and family relationships and Japanese psychology. Exploring implications of theamaeconcept for infant research will be helped by including other aspects ofamaemanifest in clinical work: (1)Amaetakes place in the complex vicissitudes of motherhood in Japan in which the mother fulfills her social as well as emotional needs through her infant; (2) as the child grows older he or she learns thatamaecan only be fulfilled if he or she is able to meet the parent's and the social demand for achievement; (3) there is a long tradition of inhibition ofamaeamong women which is passed on from generation to generation affecting the quality of mothering; (4) the intuitive aspect of good enoughamaein the parent‐in‐fant relationship is being lost due to rapid ongoing social changes. Therapeutic endeavors to retrieve the intuitive aspect ofamaeprove effective for the increasing numbers of relationship disturbances in infa

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(199221)13:1<26::AID-IMHJ2280130106>3.0.CO;2-Q

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractI believe the universal aspects of Doi's concept ofamaehave a dual origin in the biologically based motives of infancy and in the expectable adpative experiences of the caregiving relationship. Our theory, arising from recent research, is that the necessary intimacy of this relationship and the exercise of these motives leads to early relationship motives and early moral motives. These in turn find representational coherence in the 3‐year‐old's narrative self that contains a continual internal dialogue with one or more significant others who are comforting, encouraging, watchful, and critical. The narrative self may also contain an “executive sense of we,” giving the child more of a sense of obligation and power. Many emotionally engaging experiences in infancy are stored as procedural knowledge and are influential later as an “affective core of self” without being accessible to consciousness.Amaealso seems based on procedural knowledge. Future research in Japan and the United States will benefit from operationalizing concepts related toamaeand to emotional availability. Effects of gender, temperament, and conflicts within and across generations can then

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(199221)13:1<34::AID-IMHJ2280130107>3.0.CO;2-S

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNext to nutritive and hygienic needs, emotional needs have been most commonly considered in theories on early human development and in therapy of early disorders in social interactions. Needs concerning cognitive and communicative development have gained far less attention although they belong to species‐specific means of human adaptation, depend on intrinsic motivators, and are very often involved in the symptomatology of disorders in social behavior.Most mechanisms of dialogic interchanges are based on nonconscious processes and escape parents' rational control. They may be disturbed or inhibited due to pathological deviations and/or unfavorable sociocultural circumstances, both on the parental and infant sides. Preverbal communication plays a key role in the environmental support to infant cognition, communication, and social integration. The elucidation of its forms and therapeutic application has proved helpful not only for infants but also for children whose communicative age is lower than their chronological ag

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(199221)13:1<43::AID-IMHJ2280130108>3.0.CO;2-R

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne of the basic premises of child‐rearing and intervention models is that infant behavior is part of a communication system with the caregiving environment. However, infants vary in the messages that they convey to the caregiving environment, and parents vary in their ability to interpret their infants' signals and provide appropriate caregiving. This paper examines some of the tension that may exist between infant communication and appropriate caregiving. We examine research findings from several different populations of at‐risk infants and their mothers in which infant signals and parental responses are variously effective in providing clues for appropriate caregiving. Some kinds of fits or matches between infant characteristics and maternal characteristics may be better than others for optimal infant development. The implications for intervention are also discus

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(199221)13:1<54::AID-IMHJ2280130109>3.0.CO;2-K

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwenty mother‐infant pairs were observed once a week for 7‐hour periods when the infants were 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks old. The occurrence of crying and its relationship to patterning of maternal behaviors was studied in two social contexts: while the mother was holding the infant and while she was not holding the infant. There were significant individual differences in the amount of crying in each of these contexts. The amount of crying in the two contexts was not correlated. Six variables describing forms of maternal attention throughout the 7‐hour day were selected, and profiles were formed from measures of these variables. These profiles were found to vary systematically as a function of the amount of crying while the mother was holding the infant. In this context, only physical stimulation increased linearly with increased crying, whereas other forms of attention showed a U‐shaped function in relation to increased crying. No relationship was found between crying while the mother wasnotholding the baby and patterns of interaction. We conclude that the structuring of a mother‐infant relationship is reflected in the amount of crying that occurs while mother and infant are in close physical contact. The results also provide evidence that the social context for an infant's crying must be taken into account if the full adaptive value of crying is to be u

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(199221)13:1<67::AID-IMHJ2280130110>3.0.CO;2-#

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlthough not all abused children grow up to be abusive parents, it is well known that people who were severely mistreated by their parents as compared to those who were not are at higher risk for mistreating their children. It has also been shown that abusive parents often have unrealistic expectations for their children—expectations based on distorted perceptions of their children's needs, feelings, and abilities. In this paper, we examine the utility of new methods developed in social psychology to study: (1) the impact of abuse on the structure and content of interpersonal and self‐perception and (2) the interrelationships among an abused mother's social and self‐perception, the quality of her interactions with her child, and the child's development. Case studies will be presented to illustrate how these new methods reflect risk for abuse as predicted independently by clinicians treating the

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(199221)13:1<83::AID-IMHJ2280130111>3.0.CO;2-6

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY