ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1970.tb01189.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1970.tb01190.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProblem areas currently receiving attention in the literature are discussed. It is suggested that considerable effort will be needed before much of the theory will be translated into practice. In certain areas it is argued that methods which have been proposed in the past have not been based on adequate descriptions of the real problems. A plea is made for more research into the research process and for more empirical testing and validation of the methods and procedures which have been proposed as aids to research managers.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1970.tb01191.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn recent years, the emphasis in studies of Science and Technology has shifted from a discussion of the production of scientific and technical ideas to concern over the implementation of utilization of these ideas. Among other things, this has led to the realization that the role played by individual innovators forms a key part of the technological innovation process.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1970.tb01192.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCommunication networks in R&D laboratories are shown to have structural characteristics, which when properly understood can be employed to more effectively maintain the laboratories' personnel abreast of technological developments. Informal relations and physical location are shown to be important determinants of this structure. Informal relations can be developed through formation of project teams and intergroup transfers and loans. The effect of physical location on communications is especially strong and should be given serious consideration when designing research facilities.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1970.tb01193.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA research planning diagram notation is introduced. It is based on computer programming flow charts and has a number of advantages over the conventional arrow diagram method. The notation lends itself to a straightforward quantitative analysis which yields probabilistic time and cost information in a form suitable for use in project planning, selection or control. Two current research programmes are examined as illustrations of RPD methods.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1970.tb01194.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNumerous models have been put forward in the literature for the selection and evaluation of projects, many of which are based on optimizing the return on investment by the company in R&D projects. This is a noble aim but in practice the financial data available are often of dubious accuracy and so many other factors are involved in actually adopting a portfolio of selected projects that project selection often becomes a theoretical exercise. It is suggested that the selection of projects is in essence the adoption of a strategy which is within the policy and long‐term aims of the company and also within the policy and scientific development of the R&D part of the company. Such a strategy is usually sub‐optimum for both the company and the R&D division, as it is a compromise between a desire for high pay‐back investments by the company and the maintenance of a scientifically balanced R&D involving some long‐term, unknown return, investments. A method is currently being experimented with by Unilever Research which illustrates where conflicts arise between the policy of the main company and that of research, and assists management in arriving at a strategy which most closely fulfils the needs of both policies. Both the concept of the method and its practical use are described in thi

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1970.tb01195.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper describes the application of a linear programming model to project selection and resource allocation problems in two industrial R&D laboratories. Mathematical models have not been widely used in practice because of the inherent uncertainty of research. The model discussed here yields information about the outcome of decisions under conditions of uncertainty. The elements of the model are developed, using simple examples, and the form of the complete model outlined. Benefit evaluation is carried out using probabilistic networks and uncertainty in benefits included by utilizing the concept of certainty equivalence. The use of the model in practical situations is discussed, with examples of the information obtained from the solution, and sensitivity studies to investigate the uncertain environment are described. The result is a flexible model, which produces information necessary for planning purposes and which is acceptable to practising R&D Managers.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1970.tb01196.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe commonly recommended network approach to project monitoring and scheduling can make very useful, detailed contributions to individual projects. However, it has not yet been adequately developed to deal with a large number of projects, particularly where considerable uncertainties are involved. To try to overcome this weakness an attempt has been made to use a project model that is so simple that it can easily be handled in large numbers. Although details of individual projects are lost, considerable benefit can be obtained from analyses of the resulting, collective data. This approach has been used successfully for some time to present project programmes and progress with the work in an engineering development laboratory and is currently being extended to assist with multi‐project schedulin

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1970.tb01197.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1970.tb01198.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY