摘要:

AbstractStatistics on Japanese R&D reveal various problems of policy and implementation. Some difficulties of Japanese technological development and possibilities for overcoming them are discussed. Among others a fundamental problem is the generation of technology with less reliance on Western support. The relationship between the need for self‐generated technology and the fact of excessive reliance on technology imports is discussed in regard to superiority, inferiority and appropriateness of Japanese technology. Innovation in the Japanese automobile and iron and steel industries is characterized as integrative or combinatory innovation associated with managerial innovation. The conditions under which integrative innovation is effective are identified, and these conditions are expected to be valid for many other sectors. Finally, the mechanism of government–industry cooperation in Japan is identified as an informational control system in contrast to the financial control system in Western countries, and the major medium of control by the Japanese government is identified as technological forecasting information.These characteristics of Japanese technology management can be held up as valuable lessons for other countries given certain conditions which are expected to hold in many fie

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1980.tb00012.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn trying to explain the difficulties of implementing evaluation models it can be useful to study how evaluations of product development proposals are carried out in practice when they are not influenced by normative models. In this article some results are reported from an in‐depth study of how project proposals were evaluated in two Swedish companies operating in the same industry. One was among the most innovative in the industry, its product development activities had led it into a series of new products and had resulted in a very high profitability and an extremely high rate of growth. The product development of the other company had resulted much more in variations in existing products than in major innovations. Growth was very slow and profitability was approaching a critically low level.The way project proposals were evaluated in the companies proved to differ substantially. In one company the dominating evaluation mode was one where the task is considered to be to estimate what effect an acceptance of the project proposal will have on overall goals, such as profitability and growth. This is called the rationalistic approach.In the other company an evaluation mode with the opposite characteristics was used. The evaluators consider a few conspicuous or at least easily visible characteristics of the project proposal. On the basis of these a picture of the project is created which is perceived as good or bad. This picture is the basis for the decision. This is called the impressionistic approach.In the case reported here the rationalistic mode was used by the least successful and least innovative company while the impressionistic mode was used by the most successful and most innovative company. The paper presents arguments for interpreting the relationship between evaluation mode and performance not as coincidental but as causal. It is argued that even if the impressionistic mode may seem irrational from a traditional point of view, it is superior to the rationalistic one in some important respect

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1980.tb00013.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA programme of intervention research is described centred around the application of a new instrument, the Creativity Audit. The audit has been administered to managers across a range of environments.Respondents indicate their perceptions of their organization's characteristics; results are fed back as profiles of mean scores and compared to data base standard profiles. Major deviations between the two profiles are taken as indicators of starting points for consideration in change programmes.The methodology of developing a research instrument at the same time as it is being applied in intervention activities is presented as a legitimate one, and preferable to present designs for studies if the focus of attention is primarily to assist change. It is suggested that the more traditional validatory exercises can still be conducted if further refinements in the instrument are required.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1980.tb00014.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractResearch Development (RD) is concerned with the conversion of inventions (i.e. new ideas) into innovations (i.e. new products, processes and services in the market‐place). Empirical evidence indicates that the rate of success of RD is small. In the innovation chain of events the scientific or technical accomplishment is but one link, a necessary but not sufficient condition of success. Often the market is the decisive factor.Many research and development organizations (R&DOs), especially those funded privately, allocate their resources with a strong orientation towards satisfying perceived market needs. If this incentive persists during the R&D work the RD effort will probably be much facilitated.In the light of the above concepts, the Brazilian R&D and RD experiences are reviewed with practical examples and emphasis on the efforts of Centro de Tecnologia Promon—CTP (Promon Technology Center). CTP works on non‐conventional energy, industrial process development and telecommunication product development.The experience reported is not intended to serve as a general solution to R&D or RD problems in the developing world. The purpose is rather to suggest alternative pathways and to point out the importance of a diversified approach to the tough task of closing the innovation

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1980.tb00015.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1980.tb00016.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA simple procedure is presented for calibrating probability assessors who repetitively give continuous distributions rather than point probability estimates. The calibration function so derived can be used to display certain systematic bias features as well as for correcting future assessments. The need to perform calibration can often arise in single multistage inferential tasks as well as the repetitive estimation contexts and it is often necessary in both cases in order to avoid the covert dependencies which can arise between essentially independent variables because of systematic assessment bias on the part of the expert.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1980.tb00017.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1980.tb00018.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1980.tb00019.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY