ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00925.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study sought to measure the economic consequences of reduced expenditure on specific sections of the UK National Measurement System (NMS), part of the state‐funded technological infrastructure. A method was developed which can be adapted to any publicly or privately financed R&D of which the benefits and cost‐effectiveness are unclear or contested.The recent interactions between the NMS and industry were investigated empirically. Five mechanisms were found to account for the majority of instances of successful value creation. Several case studies of each mechanism were collected, illustrating their existence beyond reasonable doubt.Each of the cut projects would have been expected to have encouraged growth and profitability in identified sectors of the economy through one or more of these five mechanisms. The effects of the cuts were modelled over 30 years. Compared to the costs of the cut projects projected over the same period, the benefits to the economy were predicted to exceed the co

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00926.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper develops five alternative structural ‘models’ for formal efforts aimed at spinning off new companies from universities, government laboratories, and other research and development organizations. In various ways the models combine the roles of the technology originator, the entrepreneur, the R&D organization itself, and the venture investor. The paper also presents the policies and structures of technology commercialization operations from investigations at eight R&D organizations in the United States and the United Kingdom. The data indicate that a R&D organization operating in an environment where venture capital and entrepreneurs are readily available (e.g., MIT and Stanford) can appropriately: (1) exercise a low degree of selectivity in choosing technologies for spin‐off creation, and (2) provide a low level of support during the spin‐off process. The spin‐off process is more difficult in environments where venture capital and entrepreneurs are scarce (e.g., ARCH) and mechanisms for high‐selectivity and a high level of support must be in place by the R&D organization to compensate for th

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00927.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Chinese economic system is undergoing a transformation from a centrally planned to a market economic system. The process is difficult for at least two reasons: civilian producers lack innovative capability; R&D intensive defense firms need to shift some of their production to civilian markets. The latter requires management innovations that are difficult to master under present‐day conditions. Based on the system characteristics of the Chinese defense industry we discuss its problems in managing technological innovation. We conclude that to facilitate the conversion process to civilian markets Chinese defense firms should be encouraged to split off those activities that are aimed at civilian market

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00928.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProject Management Systems can use a variety of tools to model and visualise project status. This paper discusses the application of an integrated approach for project modeling and proposes a new graphic tool called PACT for evaluation of project status. An integrated performance monitoring system comprising many tools, including PACT, was used successfully with multiple advanced technology projects within the Indian Guided Missiles Development Programme. The approach provided a better insight into the status and problems of projects, and enabled management to initiate the most appropriate actions towards better performance.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00929.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper is based on survey interviews with 64 respondents conducted in four Hungarian Research Institutes during the spring of 1993. The main objective of the research was to assess progress made with the exploitation of intellectual property contained within these bodies. This investigation has two subsidiary goals. First, given a rapid decline in funding provision by the Hungarian government for these organisations, an initial task of the work was to ascertain the actual and potential financial contribution that has been made from consultancy activities and new 'spin off firms. Second, existing 'spin off firms which had emanated from these sources were examined to ascertain if they had potential for providing industrial growth in the local Hungarian economy. The paper concludes, on the basis of detailed evidence, that progress has been disappointing, and moreover, that severe barriers to the achievement of both these goals continue to exist within the Hungarian economy. Coherent planning will be necessary to exploit potentials which are in danger of being lost through the haemorrhaging of staff to foreign employment opportunities.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00930.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to show how certain internal organisational activities affect an organisation's ability to engage in the external acquisition of technology commonly referred to as inward technology transfer. The study focuses on a technology trawling exercise conducted by ICI and reveals difficulties in ‘receptivity’ on the part of the receiving businesses. A conceptual framework is developed which identifies four major components of the inward technology transfer process. These are: ‘Awareness’‐‘Association’‐‘Assimilation’‐‘ Application’. Using this conceptual device separate studies are conducted within two large multinational chemical companies in the North West of England. The findings reveal the importance of certain non‐routine activities and indicate how successful organisations are able to manage the tension between the need for creative non‐routine assimilation processes to generate a ‘receptive’ environment for future growth and efficient routine activities to rem

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00931.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00932.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00933.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY