ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1978.tb01103.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIntegration of R&D and production activities poses a major managerial problem, which arises because of fundamental differences in the nature of the two kinds of activity, requiring distinctly different management systems. A study of 100 teams of both types showed marked differences between the two in the organizational climate leading to maximum effectiveness. A taxonomy of organizational types, integrating the two activities in a spectrum of ways, is described. A study conducted among Polish electrical engineering enterprises showed that project‐type organizations produced products with the greatest degree of originality (measured on the Kesselring scale), while matrix organizations introduced the greatest number of new products into the organizational system. A venture team concept, combining features of both organizational types, is proposed as a means for capitalizing on the good points of eac

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1978.tb01104.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn post‐war Poland, universities and higher schools of technology have had to take over not only the role of centres of intellectual activity, but also of animators of technological and economic life. Universities employ more than 60|X% of the total scientific staff of the country, so that the issue of university‐industry cooperation is of major importance to them. Despite obstacles caused by the different needs of the two partners, there are many motives for both sides to cooperate, and the various forms the contract can take in practice are described. Design of the coupling is analysed in terms of a two‐cycle model of technology transfer, and ways of strengthening the coupling between the two are elaborated. The extent of the university's involvement in research with industrial application is described. Specific measures need to be taken by university boards of management to ensure that this kind of work does not lead to undesirable limitation of scientific freedom in the choice of objects of research, and that the research profile is compatible with the educational programme of the unive

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1978.tb01105.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe conscious, planned inclusion of science into the process of social reproduction is a very complex matter, requiring not only a theoretical understanding of the social role of science but also the mastery of adequate practical means of science planning and management. A model of the cycle ‘Science‐Technology‐Production’ is presented which explicates the link between basic science and economic production as the outcome of four phases, each of which is relatively isolated from the others. The history of the development of the transistor is analysed on this basis, and it is shown how the overall process has to be seen on a much longer timescale than popular descriptions would have it. The coupling between phases is of particular interest, and two critical points are identified: the transition from a general to a specific theory of certain phenomena, and that from the basic experimental solution to production‐technological development. The model demonstrates the inadequacy, for understanding and managing the overall cycle, of focusing solely on the technological

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1978.tb01106.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFour aspects of uniformity (discipline, institution, type of research and sponsorship) are identified as decisive in the organization and management of large‐scale research programmes: difficulties increase with increasing non‐unifornmty in any of the aspects. Environmental research is an example of a research area in which one has to overcome all of these problems, and this paper describes the authors’ experiences in managing just such a programme. Aspects covered include: the organizational framework chosen and its operation in practice, the selection of research goals, methods of data collection, and manpower and social problems in interdisciplinary research. The degree of generalizability of the observations in the paper is left open for discu

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1978.tb01107.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMankind's prospects both for finding new types of resources and for ensuring efficiency in resource utilization and substitution depend upon our success or failure in solving the problems of organizing and managing technological systems. A generalized scheme describing interaction among the basic elements of the management of national science and technology (ST) activity is outlined, and one particular element isolated for detailed examination: the system analysis and systematic assessment of new technology (SANT). The role of SANT in the context of decision‐making in the management of ST progress is described, together with the methodological arsenal available. No one technique is universally good; the problem is to find systematic means of using a selection of methods which mutually compensate for each other's weaknesses. Further difficulties are encountered over the non‐comparability or absence of initial data, and a framework for viewing the various classes of data available and making use of them is outlined. Examples are given of the practical application of SANT to problems such as the development of a macro‐model., for the planning of national ST policy, and a model of technological change in the area of the science, technology, and exploitation of computers. A system is described which handles the data stores and information flows necessary for performing SANT rou

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1978.tb01108.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDelphi forecasting exploits the intuitive side of judgment, but there has been little attempt to analyse Delphi opinions quantitatively as a result of, among other things, severe methodological obstacles. Fuzzy theory provides a possible approach, and here is used to examine the relationship between experts’ views on the degree of importance and year of the breakthrough they are forecasting. The underlying model assumes that the experts also estimate the possibility and range of advancing the year of breakthrough, given that important potential breakthroughs will have more resources diverted to them, and that this will affect the estimated dates (although the experts may not necessarily be aware that they are doing this). Graphical and analytical representations of this process are described which derive an estimate of the technological feasibility of the breakthrough as a function of time, from successive rounds of estimates of importance and year of breakthroug

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1978.tb01109.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is usually held that creative thinking is carried out by way of intuition, whose largely uncontrollable and unpredictable nature leads to the assumption that it is essentially not a logical process. A framework is presented which challenges this view, analysing creative thinking as the outcome of ten logical phases. By examining the logical operation of each phase and formalizing their logical relations, adequate heuristic programmes can be devised which, if supplemented with suitable mathematical models, open the way to simulating logical phases of creative thinking on the computer. An understanding of the logical laws of creative thinking has the potential to create a revolution in human thought, with far‐reaching consequences for productive activity, and hence for the nature of societ

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1978.tb01110.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY