摘要:

Questionnaires were sent out to 124 large Swedish firms, asking how they determined budgets for research and development (R&D) and who decided about the size of these budgets. 94 firms answered and 69 of these undertook R&D.It was found that, as a rule, firms decide upon individual projects and do not specify in advance a fixed level for the R&D budget. The decision about individual R&D projects and/or the R&D budget was most frequently made by the president of the company.The implication of our results for various kinds of research on the economics of R&D are discussed.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01056.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although some studies and experiences have shown that R&D project selection models can be potentially useful decision aids, their adoption and routine use is not widespread. This lack of usage may be a consequence of the lack of attention which model builders have traditionally given to the prevailing adoption attitudes of R&D managers. A design methodology centering around the measurement of adoption attitudes has been developed and used by the authors. The methodology consists of procedures for analyzing the organizational climate relative to project selection model usage, developing an acceptable model form relative to the organizational climate, and inducing the adoption of this model form within the climate. Three case applications of the methodology are described in which negative‐to‐positive shifts in adoption attitudes occurred and project selection models were adopted for long‐term use. These results indicate that the use of this general methodology may lead to increased formal adoption and widespread usage of project selection model forms i

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01057.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes the action which was taken by the Pharmaceuticals Division of ICI Limited to move into a New Business Venture, the experiences so far and some of the lessons learned which either have confirmed or contradicted the original ideas.The venture is into the business area of Medical Aids. The first steps were taken by the Division just over three years ago.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01058.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

R&D Managers use computers extensively in solving technical problems. This paper examines the use they make of computers in solving Management problems. Applications of computers to various aspects of R&D programme formulation, project planning, technical information storage and retrieval, management information systems, and computer‐aided training have been investigated by many companies and, in some cases, have been implemented. Some of the techniques have become well established but others are still at a development stage. No attempt has been made to evaluate the techniques described.This topic was the subject of a study by a Working Group of the European Industrial Research Management Association (EIRMA), and a report ‘Computers as Aids to R&D Management’ was distributed to members of the Association. EIRMA has now agreed to release information contained in that report and this paper is based on that information updated by the author, who was Chairman of the EIRMA Working

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01059.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study attempts to show indirectly that by studying a spread of scientific ideas we are able to comprehend the operation and structure of science and technology information systems. It is shown that any information system is a dynamic and orderly social system which exhibits impressive features of regularity and law. It has also been observed that by formalizing the informal channels, the overall effectiveness of communication can improve.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01060.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01061.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The recent history of developments in Industry‐University collaboration in the U.K. is briefly reviewed and the present means utilized by Universities to collaborate with Industry and Commerce outlined.The Appendix clarifies the means developed by over thirty Universities with University Companies, Industrial Units or Liaison Bureau

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01062.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Technical Economy Department of the Shirley Institute has carried out a detailed study of the textile industries in Germany, France and Italy, their production, trade, productivity, industrial structure and regional policy. In some areas, performance has been compared with that of the U.K. An account is given of the approach, methods and problems encountered in the gathering of the necessary data.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01063.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01064.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01065.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY