摘要:

AbstractIn the literature and often in practice, technical assistance, technical information, and technology transfer are treated as three separate activities. This paper discusses the relationship between them. Illustrations are given of the inability of overspecialized systems to effectively serve a broad range of needs. Some suggestions are made for research that is needed in this area. to help improve the design of systems and institutions and the training of people to carry out these functions. Some experimental ideas are presented which can help to resolve some of the policy and design problems in this area.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb01245.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTechnology transfer has received considerable attention from both practitioners and academicians over the past few years, yet little progress has been made towards establishing a solid conceptual framework for the topic based on empirical evidence. This article reviews the limited amount of multivariate empirical literature on ‘transfer processes in technological change’ existing, discusses the major findings, and suggests directions for future resea

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb01246.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNoting the growing interest in technology policy as an instrument for improving industrial performance, this paper examines the role of technology transfer in technology policy. The concentration on the transfer of the results of R&D carried out in government organizations is criticized and a case made for a broader view. The vital role of the technological infrastructure in promoting transfer processes is explored and a ‘transfer’ model for radical innovations proposed. Pciicy implications are drawn from these research findi

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb01247.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMany so‐called ‘technology transfer’ programs are based on the belief that the process is essentially one of communication rather than of innovation. As such, the designers and managers of such programs concern themselves with questions of how to transfer technology after it is already developed, rather than how to develop or adapt technology so that it is transferable. The net result, we believe, has been a very poor showing and a very low level of effectiveness. To design a successful transfer program one must develop a view of the flow of technology in an integrated innovation process, and this paper concludes with the presentation of a highly significant flow model in which the critical aspect is constant assessment of the non‐technological factors during the entire course of the innovation cycle–including those related to marketing, regulations, capital and human

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb01248.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA study was conducted in seven major industrialized countries of Western Europe aimed at throwing new light on problems of military to civilian transfer of resources (Udis, 1975). While a variety of subjects are discussed in the full report, the section on technology transfer has been abstracted for this paper. The basic interview was designed for organizations forced to adjust to a reduced level of dependence on military expenditures and the consequent need to develop civil market alternatives. The field work consisted of a series of interviews with industrial executives, government officials, university professors and journalists.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb01249.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbsrracrImperfect o r total lack of any effective technology transfer was a major reason for the very limited usefulness of many post‐war aid programmes. The paper describes the more sensitive regions of oil refining, petrochemicals and industrial chemicals process design, plant installation and operation which bear on the success or failure of the transfer. The first requirement is a satisfactory availability of technical manpower. In sectors where there is a large investment per unit of production a good deal can ‘be left’ t o external engineering organizations but where, as in plastic fabrication, the investment of capital is low the demand on indigenous engineering and science skills will be higher. Some technologies, such as refrigeration or desalination are key ones for seeding the local development of engineering skills. Moreover, with manpower development in mind, the investment programme should be staggered to ensure integration with related sectors. Mechanical engineering is a key skill and plans to develop this in the educational system and investment programme of the receiving country should be part of the strategy. Two very important common failings are inattention to critical detail during the initial stages of a project and the fallacy that the process must be designed to minimize capital investment. Plant reliability in a hostile climate and with poor maintenance is a more important consideration than costs. The paper concludes with lists of critical off‐site and on‐site features and decisions needing attention in the design stage and gives useful guidelines for the selection of plant managers

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb01250.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper gives the interim results of a research study of innovation in educational technology, and of obstacles to such innovation, based on interviews with senior management in 160 major firms. The special characteristics of innovation in this area are considered, including the duality between hardware and software, and the need to proceed by large steps. An analysis is made of the nature and sources of resistance to innovation, and of the possible means of overcoming it, including ‘gatekeeper’ activities. It is concluded that simple analyses and solutions are unlikely to be successful, and that a multi‐dimensional approach is req

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb01251.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY