摘要:

AbstractThis study examines the rate at which product and process innovations emerging from Government R&D have been commercialized by the Irish dairy industry. Success rates for both product and process commercialization, which are high by international standards, were found. The study identifies two criteria which appear to influence success and failure. Some product and process differences were found and the data suggest that a user dominated innovation strategy may be best for products, while a technology dominated strategy appears to be best for process innovations. Remarkably high rates for product success can be achieved in Government R&D provided industry activates the R&D. On the other hand R&D activation by research staff, without any industry involvement in the conduct of the R&D, appears to have a very poor chance of success. However, research staff can activate and achieve high success rates, particularly for process innovations, provided industry involvement in the R&D is secured.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1977.tb00115.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn Germany a general interest in creativity and methods of idea‐generation for industrial use arose in the late '60s, although initially knowledge was largely confined to catchwords; additionally insufficient experience hampered the appropriate diffusion of idea‐generation techniques. For these reasons the Battelle‐lnstitut e. V. at Frankfurt in 1971 initiated an extensive experimental research project in the field of creative idea‐generation in industry. The most essential results from the research can be summarized as follows:1. Synopses of methods of idea‐generation in worldwide use enabled these methods to be grouped into six categories: Brainstorming methods (1), Brainwriting methods (2), Methods of creative orientation (3), Creative confrontation (4), Systematical structuring (5) and Systematical problem specification (6).2. Investigations enabled the optimum conditions to be specified for applying Brainstorming, Brainwriting, Synectics and Morphological Analysis (which have to be considered as key methods) in respect to e. g. group size, group structure, leadership style.3. Proposals were suggested for classifying problems into five different problem types (search, analysis, constellation, selection and consequence problems) together with recommendations on which problem type can be treated most efficiently with the available methods.4. Recommendations were made on how the various methods of idea‐generation can be integrated into complex problem‐solving processes.5. Original developments were reported of twelve alternative methods of idea‐generation by the Battelle research team, e.g. TILMAG (reported in this paper), Sequential Morphology, Visual Synectics and Hypotheses Matrix.The investigations also led to the conclusions that further research was particularly needed in problem classification, processes of analysing problems, procedures of evaluating ideas, and different techniques for

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1977.tb00116.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationships of organizational variables with innovation and productivity of scientists and engineers in R&D laboratories were explored. Peer ratings of innovation (original and useful output) and productivity (quantity of output) were utilized as criteria. Information was obtained on 154 scientists/engineers in 35 work groups in three Air Force R&D laboratories, Significant relationships found between organizational variables and innovation and productivity included: rewards for innovation, communication on technical matters with other scientists/engineers within the work group, and an age‐education demographic group of variables. Level of participation in goal setting and group leader's level of empathy were also consistently related to level of productivit

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1977.tb00117.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper examines the concept of project control in the context of an R&D laboratory, and reviews some of the methods of presenting control or monitoring information that have been found of use by management for different types of work. The concepts described are those which the author has found of practical value in his own work, and which also figure in some R&D Management training courses within British Gas.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1977.tb00118.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere have been many studies which have investigated technical communication flow in R&D laboratories. Despite this effort, it is still not clear how the actions of management affect technical communication and research productivity. In this paper it is shown how the tools developed in communication studies can be used by laboratory management to assess the consequences of their actions in terms of changes to the pattern of technical communication flow. These tools are described in some detail. It is suggested that by their use, management may achieve a better degree of control over technical communication and achieve those conditions which best suit their own particular set of circumstances.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1977.tb00119.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe paper is an attempt to provide a basis for comparing forecasts from different sources and of different types. Heavy use of an analogy with classic signal theory and methods is made. A measure of a forecaster's sensitivity is developed, as is the possibility of matching this to the implementer's circumstances. An exemplar from the field of food and agriculture is demonstrated.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1977.tb00120.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1977.tb00121.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1977.tb00122.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1977.tb00123.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY