摘要:

This paper discusses alternatives to current national accounting procedures for non‐renewable natural resources in the mining industries. Three alternative approaches to valuing the discovery and use of these resources are compared and alternative estimates for U.S. oil and gas for the period 1948‐79 are presented. The focus is on the conceptual and empirical difficulties associated with valuing non‐renewable natural reso

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00495.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present size of the hidden economy in Norway is between 4 and 6 percent of GDP, of which hidden labor income constitutes about half. A survey approach reveals that 4/5 of the population is of the opinion that people in general accept income from moonlighting that is not reported, and 2/3 believes that this share of acceptance is on the increase. Furthermore, surveys clearly show that hidden labor services are of satisfactory quality, that they mainly are paid for in cash, but with checks being increasingly used, and that buyers find it easier to obtain services from the hidden labor market than from the regular one. A shortening of the work week in order to alleviate unemployment may result in an increased supply of hidden labor.

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00496.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This document contains a critical analysis of some aspects of the treatment of subsidies in the present system of national accounts (United Nations SNA and the ESA, i.e. the European System of Integrated Economic Accounts) as background to the current discussion of their revision. One of the conventions used is that subsidies are recorded as a resource in the accounts of the market producer units which actually receive them. Should this rule of the receiver be applied in every case? The paper suggests that it would be preferable to attribute subsidies to the beneficiary in those cases where a subsidy received by one unit is the counterpart of a reduction in price which he grants to another unit which buys something from him (and which is the real beneficiary), so long as the discount is only granted to specific categories of purchasers. Recording in the accounts of the beneficiary results in a better distribution in the branch accounts and moreover greater stability of the national accounts in the face of minor institutional changes.The problem of allocation arises also for transfers designed to cover social risks or needs (illness, invalidism, old age, maternity). For this category of “social” goods and services for which general government wholly or partially assumes the costs to households, the transfer is treated either as a subsidy to collective consumption or a social benefit. The institutional arrangements, which vary from country to country, product to product and over time, give rise to profoundly different recording in the accounts. In order to restrict these differences, improve comparability between countries, permit analysis of trends over time, make the accounts less sensitive to different institutional arrangements and obtain a figure for household consumption which does not depend on the particular way in which the costs of such consumption is borne, the present document suggests that consumption subsidies should be treated as individual consumption expenditure of general governm

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00497.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The minimum cost of an adequate diet, following food preferences, is estimated for families in ten South American cities in five countries, allowing for household composition by age and sex. The ratio of actual expenditure on food and beverages to this normative expenditure is then used to rank families in six classes, of which the bottom two correspond to absolute poverty, or to actual expenditure less than the estimated minimum. Three questions can then be explored: which families appear to be poor, on this measure? how do such families allocate their spending toward other items such as housing? and, does this indicator of poverty classify families in much the same way as other proposed measures? The results suggest some under‐reporting of food spending in the poorest class, but otherwise the ratio of reported to normative spending gives good results, free from the errors in other parts of the budget and the arbitrariness of indicators which depend on socially‐defined rather than physiological “needs.” Poor families tend to be large, with many children; to have many dependents per income recipient; to have male working members other than the head; to suffer unemployment of members other than the head; to have relatively low levels of schooling; and to show high density in housing. Even quite poor households spend appreciable amounts on housing and on education, while not satisfying all food needs; both kinds of spending increase rapidly as food requirements are met. There are no consistent relations between poverty and type of employment or the share of income attributed to the head. The data refer to 1966–69 and are highly comparable; all monetary estimates are in dollars of equal purchas

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00498.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper demonstrates, with the use of some recent developments in neoclassical monetary theory, that the banking imputation problem in the national accounts arises because of the regulation of banks by Authorities. It demonstrates as well that the banking imputation problem is a manifestation of the failure of the Authorities to provide optimal monetary arrangements. Some comments on existing imputations, in the light of this theory, are provided.

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00499.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00500.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00501.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY