摘要:

The proposed “Variable Domestic Cost” includes all net payments by sectors belonging to the productive system (enterprises, credit institutions and government) to all other sectors (households, private non‐profit organizations and the rest of the world). Compared with the rate of growth of demand, represented by Gross Domestic Marketable Product at current prices, the rate of growth of VDC per unit produced forms the “profitability function of the nation.” Profitability is positively related to the rate of economic growth and to the price/cost relation. A relative deceleration of unit VDC stimulates economic growth, which enlarges the positive difference between price and cost, and that, in turn, accelerates economic growth. Inversely, a relative acceleration of unit VDC brakes economic growth, while a slowdown in production raises unit costs and depresses prices. The resulting fall in profitability stops economic growth.The main explanatory variables of demand are World trade, monetary and fiscal policy and import prices. The main components of VDC are enterprises' wage costs, social benefits minus social contributions and the government wage bill minus direct taxes payable by households. The fact that in West Germany all these unit costs were increasing more slowly than in France explains why Geman economic growth, much slower than French before 1975, outpaced it after that year, achieving a lower rate of inflation, a larger positive balance of trade and a higher appreciation of the national currency.The concept of VDC is a useful contribution to the theories of inflation and of economic fluctuations and provides a possible explanation of structural unemployment. Maintaining VDC at a lowest possible level should be considered a major object of econom

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1986.tb00526.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present article includes a proposal for a national accounts algorithm to be applied in the computerization of the national accounts compilation process. While aiming at the estimation and reconciliation of data from different statistical sources, it is based on the application of a linear programming technique applied to a system of identities and inequalities that define the accounting and analytical relations between the data categories of a national accounting framework. The technique is flexible in the sense that it can be used with any configuration of available statistical sources and data requirements of the national accounts. The algorithm is illustrated graphically with help of a simple example and thereafter applied to an extended but still simple national accounting scheme for Suriname with data for 1965 that was compiled by the author many years ago. As the present study is only a first step in the development of the algorithm, more work is needed to make it operational and the last section of the article includes suggestions about the direction of that further work.

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1986.tb00527.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

National accountants, model builders and analysts who work with statistical material that has been compiled without the discipline of well‐developed unit standards rules and central register controls may be constructing information systems that are basically unsound because of the uncertain nature of their building bricks of economic units.This paper draws attention to the nature and importance of statistical unit standards and central register systems in the provision of economic statistics for economic accounting, planning and management. These are viewed as essential conceptual and operational tools for compiling economic statistics on an integrated basis and for making progress towards establishing a comprehensive data base with positive links between macro economic analysis and data about individual economic agents. Some of the problems and possibilities for countries who wish to proceed along these lines are discussed, with particular reference to the experience of Australi

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1986.tb00528.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper is the concluding part of a project described in an earlier paper in this journal.1The conceptual partition of government services into intermediate, individual and collective consumption is connected to the framework of the SNA and ESA. The paper shows how elements from both systems can be welded together in order to describe government productive activity more clearly within the general make‐use matrix approach. After an attempt to clarify some of the existing terminology, figures are presented which show that the partition is feasible, in principle. The data also support the necessity of distinguishing between individual and collective consumption of government services leading to the concept of total individual consumption. Finally, the paper concludes that intermediate use, if properly defined, should be introduced as a subcategory of government consumption, but not subtracted at present from GD

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1986.tb00529.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Human capital theory has motivated a great many empirical investigations into the relationship between education and earnings potential. These studies test refinements of the theory, but do not attempt to value education for the economy as a whole. This study develops series which track human wealth and its educational components for the United States from 1946 to 1980. Three related educational time sequences emerge: (1) schooling wealth, the present value of the current and future contributions of the existing schooling stock to national income; (2) net change in schooling wealth, the amount added to present value in that year; and (3) schooling investment, the present value of the future contributions of the new schooling conducted in that year.One important lesson of this exercise is that the last two series can be quite different as a result of the pattern of appreciation and depreciation of human wealth over the lifetimes of individuals. Moreover, education increases the age of peak human wealth and thus should shorten the period during which individuals save for retirement. This phenomenon may induce a demographic cycle in the nation's savings rate, especially evidenced with the aging of the baby‐boom cohort.The magnitudes of the human and schooling wealth estimates are large when compared to financial wealth. For a 4 percent rate, the period‐wide average for human wealth is five times‐and schooling wealth 2.6 times‐the Federal Reserve Board's measure of household net worth. These estimates are naturally sensitive to the discount rate chosen, but show that the gap between human and financial wealth has been widening and that the value of schooling provided in any year greatly exceeds its cost. Schooling represents a form of saving whose value is several times the conventional measure of

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1986.tb00530.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1986.tb00531.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1986.tb00532.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY