摘要:

This paper analyzes how inequality in Before and After Government income has changed in Germany since reunification using the 1990 through 1992 waves of the German Socio‐Economic Panel. A Theil decomposable inequality index is used to measure inequality in Germany and in its eastern and western states. Massive public transfers from west to east have narrowed the east‐west income gap, substantially offset the rise in income inequality from private sources, and lowered overall inequality in the western states. The net result of this policy has been a drop in After Government income inequality in Germany between 1990 and 1

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1996.tb00142.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Building on the approach of Weitzman, as extended by Hartwick and Mäler, five models of national accounts in a dynamic competitive economy with pollution externalities are constructed: flow pollutants, stock pollutants, fossil fuels and CO2, living resources and acid rain, and household defensive expenditures. The results measure welfare rather than national productper se. The general conclusions are that abatement expenditures should be treated as intermediate consumption, that adjustments need to be made for both pollution emissions and natural pollution dissipation processes, that marginal social costs should be used to value emissions, and that the level of environmental services must be valued in measuring welfare. Not only should household defensive expenditures not be subtracted from the welfare measure, under plausible assumptions the adjustment to welfare (as opposed to NNP) includes a value greater than the level of household defensive expenditure

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1996.tb00143.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Measures of national product can be misleading because there is nonmarket production. There are also distortions due to transactional activities, which are expenditures to support transactions, not actual output consumed. For 1950–89, this study recalculates output for the United States, adjusting for transactional activities and nonmarket production. Due to relatively rapid growth in transactional activities, GNP overstates output growth in the 1950s; because there was slow expansion of transactional activities in the early 1970s, GNP understates actual output. Since 1974, increases in transactional activities and shifts to market production lead GNP to exaggerate improvement of “actual” output per c

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1996.tb00144.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The paper examines Puerto Rican trends in income distribution during the 1970s and 1980s, then attempts to ascertain the source of the changes in income inequality through a decomposition of the Gini coefficient by factor income source. The study finds that poverty and inequality declined unambiguously during the twenty‐year period. The source of the fall in income concentration was found to have been tied, not to changes in the distribution or share of earned income, but to that of unearned income, particularly transfers. These appear to have also accounted for the decline in povert

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1996.tb00145.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four alternative measures of the average duration of unemployment are examined with the intention of illustrating: (1) the biases inherent in the average incomplete duration of unemployment, a statistic that is often the only one reported by many statistical agencies; and (2) the robustness of the average complete duration of unemployment to a host of assumptions underlying its derivation by non‐parametric methods. Canadian data are employed, but the results offer a guide to the construction of the average complete duration of unemployment that may have broader application

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1996.tb00146.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The transformation of a non‐market to a market economy ought to change fundamentally the significance of money incomes for welfare. Whereas in a stressful non‐market economy such as the former Soviet Union, non‐monetized resources could substitute for money income and promote welfare, in a modern market economy money income should be a good proxy for household welfare. This article tests the extent to which Russians are now in a modern market economy by analyzing data from nationwide Russian surveys in January, 1992, and April, 1994. Modern influences are increasingly important as a determinant of the distribution of money incomes, but not as an influence upon household welfare. The “randomness” of temporary disruptions of welfare is in accord with Rawlsian principles

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1996.tb00147.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper presents a set of generational for Australia, following the approach developed in the U. S. by Auerbach, Gokhale and Kotlikoff. In Contrast to the Auerbachet al., results for the U. S., the generational accounts presented here do not imply that a disproportionately high fiscal burden will have to be borne by future generations in Australia. In the paper, generational accounts are used to estimate intergenerational redistribution related to policy changes in the area of public retirement pensions.

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1996.tb00148.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The paper concerns the links between labour force accounts and national accounts. It first discusses the variation in the perception of labour force among countries which results in much disparity in recorded participation rates. This obviously makes international comparison difficult. Since benchmark labour force information is often tied to population censuses which are infrequent and vary in concepts and approaches, even comparisons within a country over time are difficult. Finally a discussion of the use of labour force data to estimate the unrecorded economy is followed by suggestions on the direction for future work.

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1996.tb00149.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY