摘要:

This paper is concerned with the definition and measurement of poverty in Malaysia. A poverty line is estimated after considering both the absolute and relative approaches to the definition. Various indices of poverty are discussed, ranging from the simple “incidence of poverty” measure to others which take account of the “poverty gap”. There is a derivation of a new index due to Sen, and alternative normalizations are suggested for it. Estimates of all these measures are presented for Malaysia. Finally, the simple “incidence of poverty” measure, which is decomposable, is adopted to construct a “profile” of the p

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00001.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper assesses the effects of including wealth and the variability of income on the incidence of poverty and the degree of income inequality in Israel. A special survey, which includes data on the wealth and income of a national sample of Israeli families in 1963–64 and 1964–65, allows us to go beyond measures based on current income alone.The first section reviews earlier studies of poverty in Israel. The next section looks at poverty and inequality in terms of current income, current wealth, and a combined measure of income and wealth. The combined measure is the Hansen‐Weisbrod measure (HW), which equals income plus the annuity value of wealth, assuming all wealth is just consumed at the time of death. It is interesting that, in spite of the much higher wealth inequality than income inequality, the HW measure was slightly more equally distributed than income. This result occurred because the annuity component made up a low share of the total HW measure and the correlation between income and wealth was well under 1. Although overall inequality and poverty were similar for income and HW measures, the incidence of poverty by subgroup depended on the measure used.The final section presents a dynamic view of poverty and inequality. Year‐to‐year changes in poverty were substantial. Because of the use of a relative poverty concept and the rise in real incomes, the real income poverty line rose by 15 percent between 1963 and 1964. Still, of those in income poverty in 1963, 37 percent managed to escape poverty in 1964. The paper shows how the degree to which poverty was stable or transitory varied substantially by age and country

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00002.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper is divided into two sections‐the first section discusses the history and development of Canadian low income cut‐offs developed by Statistics Canada and the second examines problems relating to the adequacy of one year's income and the treatment of wealth in the low income data.The first section summarizes the conceptual basis of the Statistics Canada low income cut‐offs that were first introduced for an analysis of 1961 Census data; a description of the data sources for specifying the cut‐offs and examining the low income population is presented; a recently incorporated revision is described; and uses and abuses of the Canadian low income cut‐offs are described.The second section discusses two main issues. The first issue relates to the adequacy of one year's income as a poverty criterion. Between years there is a significant amount of movement in and out of low income status which varies by socio‐demographic characteristics.The second issue relates to the effect of ignoring wealth in the derivation of the low income population.The two concerns are examined empirically with data from the Canadian Survey of Consum

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00003.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The main purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the measurement problems in connection with the perpetual inventory method applied for estimates of capital stock. In the Federal Republic of Germany, highly aggregated capital stock data by business sector are compiled by the Federal Statistical Office within its national accounts calculations, while more detailed capital stock estimates by industrial sectors are published by the German Institute of Economic Research (DIW) in Berlin. Because of various gaps in the statistical sources, the accuracy of the capital stock calculations is not yet entirely satisfactory. Aside from the problem of establishing long time series for gross fixed capital formation in constant prices for all sectors, it is difficult to obtain reliable data on the inter‐sectoral transactions in secondhand capital goods. In addition, there are problems of determining price indices and service life distributions of the fixed assets in the various parts of the economy. This paper shows a way to arrive at a reasonably close approximation to the latter proble

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00004.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recent attempts to measure value of household work and other non‐market activities have been based on a simplistic interpretation of Opportunity Cost of Time Theory; this paper attempts to refine this and develop practical definitions from basic Utility Theory. First a distinction is made between economic and other activities, the former being the only ones subject to dollar‐measurement; we recognize economic activities can occur outside the market and focus our analysis upon these latter. In the framework of Becker‐Lancaster a Household‐Production Function is posited which produces jointly such non‐market economic activities‐called indirect utility‐and welfare or satisfaction‐ called utility. A criterion for identifying the indirect utility activities (Third‐Person Criterion) is outlined, and related to time‐use survey data.Finally, four practical estimation methods are outlined: simple opportunity cost of time; gross replacement cost; individual function replacement cost; and the full production function approach. This latter, which includes evaluation of capital contributions, is deemed theoretically most valid but for present purposes least practical because of lack of data on domestic capital stock. The paper concludes that there exists both a theoretical basis for valuing non‐market activities, and the necessary data to apply t

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00005.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY