摘要:

This study is concerned with an effort to analyze changes in costs and prices in the Australian economy by tracing the effects of changes in wages and import prices through the stages of production, using a disaggregated input‐output model with lags. The object of constructing the model was to improve, by introducing lags, the accuracy of predictions of the effect of cost changes on prices, and to show the lag structures. Data problems encountered are discussed, and the need for integration of price statistics to enhance their usefulness for analyses such as this is emphasized. Concepts and sources of data are discussed in some detail in an appendi

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1979.tb00074.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Do‐it‐yourself activities are, by definition, those for which a choice must exist between doing it oneself or hiring someone else. This means they typically involve the own account production of services, but whereas it is customary to include most goods produced on own account in GDP services are conventionally excluded. In principle, however, it is possible to envisage a comprehensive and unique measure of the total final output of all the goods and services produced within an economy whether for sale or own use. Such a measure would be better than GDP as an indicator of long term changes in economic welfare, being independent of any shifts in the ratio of market to non‐market production. Moreover, it would be a homogeneous measure with clearly defined limits in contrast to improvised indices of welfare which mix economic and non‐economic variables in arbitrary and subjective ways. However, the need for a measure of market output, or something very close to it such as GDP, is still as strong as ever as soon as attention is switched from measurement of long term growth to problems associated with market disequilibria, such as unemployment and in

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1979.tb00075.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

For some considerable time the interest in price statistics has mainly been focused on their use as “intermediate goods”. The requirements of a system of price index numbers which have to be established in this connection are largely in the field of statistical coordination (integration of statistics on quantities, values and prices).Recently the inflation problem has given rise to an increased interest in price statistics as “final goods”. A meaningful analysis of inflation will devote attention to the relation between input prices and output prices. In this article several versions of an analysis of prices of final demand categories based on an ordinary Leontief input‐output scheme are presented and the needs for price statistics are discussed. In fact a self‐contained system of price statistics emerges from the price analysis.There is a difference in the nature of the price index numbers required in compiling input‐output tables in constant prices (Paasche) and that in the case of price analysis (Laspeyres). However the need for price observation runs largely parallel because in both cases the same detailed information on price developments will probably be used.Price analysis gives the possibility of a step‐by‐step approach in building up a system of pr

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1979.tb00076.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The estimation of true basic prices in a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) has long been recognized as necessary in order to achieve uniform valuation of inputs for meaningful manipulation of the input‐output table contained in a SAM, in order to assess the real effects of changes in demand, etc. In practice, approximate basic prices only have normally been calculated in order to avoid matrix inversion among other things. It is equally the case that true basic prices are required if one wishes to assess the price‐raising effects of commodity taxes. It is shown through an example that approximate basic prices, as conventionally calculated, are inadequate and potentially misleading for this as indeed they are for achieving uniformity of valuation. There are also problems with the present procedure for calculating true basic prices.An alternative method of calculating true basic prices is given, which has various advantages over the existing method, and a new approximate method is also derived which appears to represent a definite improvement on the present method. For the main purpose of the paper, however, the prices of concern are those charged by producers to which the methodology equally appl

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1979.tb00077.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Redistributional effects of income transfers, taxation and social goods in Finland have been studied making use of household surveys for 1966 and 1971 and the input‐output study for 1970. According to the study the selection of income to be used as the criterion in carrying out the decile grouping substantially influences the picture that is obtained of the magnitude of redistribution. If factor income is used as the criterion in carrying out the decile grouping, the redistribution appears substantially greater than when disposable income is used as the criterion. On the other hand, whether income is calculated per capita or per household does not substantially influence the overall picture of redistribution obtained. The breakdown of factor income seems to have remained practically the same in Finland in the interval between the study years, while redistribution seems to have levelled income differences more in 1971 than in 196

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1979.tb00078.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study attempts to examine the inter‐occupational differences in the patterns of cash and in‐kind expenditure in rural India on the basis of a special tabulation of The National Sample Survey (NSS), 18th round (February 1963‐January 1964) consumer expenditure data. The occupational groups considered here are (i) cultivators, (ii) agricultural labourers, (iii) other agriculture, and (iv) non‐agricultural occupations.The analysis is carried out primarily in terms of curves relating item‐specific cash/kind expenditure to total cash/total kind expenditure for fifteen selected item‐groups of expenditure. For each item‐occupation combination, four two‐parameter forms of Engel curve together with the log‐log‐inverse form are estimated and the comparisons across occupation groups are made separately on the basis of each of the two‐parameter curve forms which were found to give the best fit for at least one occupation group as well as the log‐log‐inverse form, using analysis of covariance technique.The results indicate that so far as the cash components of item expenditures are concerned, the pattern of expenditure is considerably influenced by occupational factors. It is observed that cultivators have a cash expenditure pattern different from those of agrictural labourers and of households with non‐agricultural activities. The comparison of the kind expenditure patterns does not, however, reflect any clear picture primarily because in most cases the itemwise kind expenditure functions could not be estimated satisfactorily. This analysis also suggests that the specification of itemwise cash and kind expenditure functions employed here may not be the most satisfactory ones in an economy with a high degree of non‐monetization and therefore alternative sp

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1979.tb00079.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1979.tb00080.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY