摘要:

Basic concepts of communicational elements are explained: culturally institutionalized or individually internalized conscious or unconscious, intentional and unintentional encoding and decoding systems of verbal and nonverbal behavior, metacommunicational cues, various modes of communication (factual, insinuative, deceptive, etc.), the rôle of situational context and of background information.Examples of complex misunderstandings in interpersonal interactions are given and analysed. This analytical method has been useful in psychiatry as well as in daily life situations

ISSN:0012-2017    

DOI:10.1111/j.1746-8361.1963.tb01556.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-2017    

DOI:10.1111/j.1746-8361.1963.tb01557.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-2017    

DOI:10.1111/j.1746-8361.1963.tb01558.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe author first investigates how to precise and get to the core of the sense of a word in common language. Any definition, however appropriate it may seem, is in fact inadequate. The word must be considered as a moment of a precising activity, which is particularly clear in the case of analogy as a word and an idea. With that in view, the concept of the scheme is explained and it is examined in which horizon a mental scheme may have an existence of its own. In order to provide a satisfactory answer, it is necessary to investigate and uncover the structure of subjectivity, to make it understood that the basic principles of mathematics arise from elaborating some of these disciplines in relation with a scheme.Two fields of existence may then be said analogous if they may be considered as two different realisations of a scheme. The views gained in investigating the structures of subjectivity permit to realize (1) how the result may be extended to mathematical models and (2) how the part played by those mathematical models may be precised.

ISSN:0012-2017    

DOI:10.1111/j.1746-8361.1963.tb01559.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-2017    

DOI:10.1111/j.1746-8361.1963.tb01560.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe method of analogy is considered as it is used in epistemological considérations of both the object of creation and the creative process itself in art and the sciences. Both areas of creativity are considered within the context of the general systems theory concept of an open system which offers a convenient vehicle for relating the scientist and the artist with the product of his creation. It also provides a convenient method for the explanation of the essential nature of the created object. It is shown how the creative process in both art and science can be viewed as a heuristic search for the structure of an open system‐the object of creation.Similarities in the two areas‐art and science‐are emphasized over the differences, in order to demonstrate the power of the method of a

ISSN:0012-2017    

DOI:10.1111/j.1746-8361.1963.tb01561.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The research reported in this document has been sponsored by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, OAR, under Contract AF61 (052)‐640 with the European Office of Aerospace Research, United States Air Force; by the Aeronautical Systems Division of the Air Force Systems Command, United States Air Force, through the European Office of the Office of Aerospace Research, under Contract AF61(052)‐402, and by the US Department of the Army, through its European Research Office, under Contract No. DA‐91‐591

ISSN:0012-2017    

DOI:10.1111/j.1746-8361.1963.tb01562.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-2017    

DOI:10.1111/j.1746-8361.1963.tb01563.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAfter a few considerations on the limited value of reasoning by analogy, the author distinguishes between analogy, homology and model, as illustrated by electro‐pneumatic, electro‐mechanical and electro‐thermic homologies. On the other hand, there exist numerous models of a same process: mathematical and symbolic models, graphic models, analogic and numeric models. The paper ends with remarks on the limits and the applications of models, namely in adaptative systems, as well as on their philosophical

ISSN:0012-2017    

DOI:10.1111/j.1746-8361.1963.tb01564.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProgress in automatic control, particularly in optimizing and self‐adaptive controls, is used to establish models in order to connect three horizons: knowledge, human activities and automatic controls. The guiding operation in all these horizons is recognished as the evolution. In the horizon of automatic controls, the evolutions can be said closed, since they are completely defined. In the horizon of human activities, they can be said open, because their over all direction depends both on the constituents and on the partial accomplishment. In the horizon of the acquisition of the knowledge, there appear to be both evolutions in closed and open form; the problem is therefore to know whether these evolutions are teleological or homeostatic. There does not seem to be a ready answer; it could however probably be accelerated by better knowing the concept of matching the analog

ISSN:0012-2017    

DOI:10.1111/j.1746-8361.1963.tb01565.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY