ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00287.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00288.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00289.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:The pattern of any future major heterosexual epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) will depend partly on sexual behaviour and condom use among heterosexuals. This survey was designed to provide information on patterns of sexual behaviour in New Zealand. A national sample aged 18 to 54 was selected using a random method and telephone interviews were administered to 2361 people, using a questionnaire based on the protocol developed by the Global Program on AIDS of the World Health Organization. The reported mean lifetime number of partners increased with age up to 25 to 29 years for women and 30 to 34 years for men, and declined at older ages. Fifteen or more lifetime partners were reported by 17 per cent of men and 4 per cent of women. Multiple partnerships in the previous 12 months were commonest in those aged 20 to 24. In this age group, 32 per cent of men and 20 per cent of women reported two or more partners. Recent condom use for contraception was reported by 23 per cent of men and 19 per cent of women. Use was highest amongst those aged 18 to 24, and decreased sharply with age. The true proportion of the population with many sexual partners may be higher than reported. These data will be useful in modelling approaches to estimate the likelihood of future heterosexual spread of AIDS. The data on lifetime numbers of partners suggest that sexual decisions depend not just on age and sex but also on the era, and thus on changing social values about sexual behaviour.

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00290.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:There is so far only limited evidence from randomised controlled trials that screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test produces significant mortality reductions in screened groups, but there is considerable activity and interest in the use of such screening in Australia. Beliefs, attitudes, intentions and behaviour in relation to colorectal cancer and screening were examined among participants 40 years and older (n= 1776) who took part in a representative population survey. While there were high levels of awareness of faecal occult blood test screening, most respondents had not had a test, nor did they intend to take a test in the future. Important determinants of participation in screening were a family history of colorectal cancer, a belief that bowel cancer can be cured if detected at an early stage, a perception of personal susceptibility to bowel cancer and an acceptance of the technique. Factors such as these are likely to influence the success of any future screening program in Australia.

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00291.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Australian guidelines for colorectal cancer screening for average‐risk populations vary from recommendations for annual screening by faecal occult blood testing for those over 40 years to recommendations that screening may be appropriate if requested by an informed patient aged 50 to 75 years. There are five large screening trials, of which three have published mortality data. A meta‐analysis of the mortality data suggests a 19 per cent reduction in colorectal cancer mortality (95 per cent confidence intervals 0.68 to 0.96) with Hemoccult screening. Because of the width of the confidence interval, decisions about the magnitude of the effect of screening should await further trial results, which should be available in the next few years. In the interim, we should examine issues of harm and costs in Australia. For example, in the major trials, over 80 per cent of positive results have been falsely positive and have required invasive investigation. Estimates of the cost‐effectiveness of screening for the Australian health system are not yet available and are essential. If the benefits of screening outweigh the harms and costs, a successful screening program would require provision of screening infrastructure and appropriate information to target populations, quality control for screening tests and investigations, recall mechanisms to ensure appropriate follow‐up of persons with positive results and the active participation of the Australian public and health practi

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00292.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:The purpose of this paper is to report on the government revenue gained from the sale of cigarettes to minors and the proportion of this revenue that is spent on attempting to prevent adolescents from taking up this habit Prevalence of smoking by minors was extrapolated for the individual states using Australian prevalence data; estimates of annual cigarette consumption were coupled with the respective cost of cigarettes in each state to derive an estimate of the total revenue accumulating from cigarette consumption by minors. From our analysis, approximately 211 000 Australian children under the legal age to purchase cigarettes consumed approximately 11.5 million packets of cigarettes in 1990. The estimated tax revenues to the federal and state governments from these sales were $8.42 million and $12.78 million respectively. While the average state revenue from cigarette consumption by minors during 1990 was just over $60 per under‐age smoker, only $0.11 per under‐age smoker was spent on anti‐smoking campaigns in 1990. This is equivalent to approximately 0.002 per cent of state revenue from cigarette smoking by those under the legal purchase age being spent on discouraging adolescents from taking up this habit Clearly, there is an inequitable expenditure on antismoking activities, given the enormous resources obtained from sales to m

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00293.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:The most cost‐effective method to measure the morbidity managed and treatments provided in general practice is from records of a cluster of consultations (encounters) from each general practitioner (GP) in a random sample. A cluster sampling method is proposed for future surveys for analysis of encounter‐based general practice data. The sample sizes needed to measure the most common problems managed and drugs prescribed were estimated using ratio‐estimator models for cluster sample surveys. Morbidity and treatment rates were estimated from the Australian Morbidity and Treatment Survey in General Practice 1990–1991 (AMTS). The 20 most common problems in the AMTS were managed at estimated rates of 1.5 to 9.5 per 100 encounters. The 20 most common drugs were prescribed at estimated rates of 0.7 to 3.6 per 100 problems. These rates were used to determine precision as a percentage of each true value for future surveys, that is, as relative precision. If we want to be 95 per cent confident that these rates will be within 5 per cent of each true rate, sample sizes of 552 to 5675 GPs are needed. If we fix the sample size at 1000 GPs, relative precision lies within 12 per cent of these rates. If the sample size is increased to 1500 GPs, relative precision improves only marginally. The differences in sample size for each of the most frequent morbidity and treatment data are largely due to their variable distributions and relatively infrequent occurrence in general practice. A sample size of 1000 GPs will enable measurement of the most common morbidity and treatments at 95 per cent con

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00294.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:The application of national or state alcohol harm‐prevention programs at a regional level can be inappropriate. The involvement of local communities is critical if harm‐prevention responses are to be sensitive to local needs. Unfortunately, individuals and agencies usually have little idea of the impact of alcohol at the local level. Alcohol consumption and harm data have been gathered for Geraldton and Bunbury, two regional centres of comparable size in Western Australia. The indices of harm presented include the nature and cost of hospital morbidity attributable to alcohol, and drink‐driving charges. In Geraldton, the impact of alcohol tends to be acute and affects young adults, particularly young males. In Bunbury, the consequences of alcohol use tend to be more chronic in nature and affect older adults. These findings have been used to inform local harm‐prevention responses, but more than that, this study is a practical example of how available data can be aggregated at a community level to illustrate local alcohol use and harm. This method can be replicated in any community that wants to understand better the effects of alcohol in its own local

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00295.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Work‐related deaths of children and adolescents up to the age of 19 years were studied as part of a larger investigation into all work‐related fatalities in Australia in the three‐year period, 1982 to 1984. This study aimed to characterise the circumstances which led to the deaths of these children. Of 1738 work‐related fatalities identified over the three years in the larger investigation, 67 (4 per cent) were aged under 15 years, and 117 (7 per cent) were aged 15 to 19 years. The fatalities were characterised by a number of variables, the most important being age, sex, bystander status, location (farm or other) and vehicle involvement (especially tractors). The causes of death differed between subgroups. Although existing controls may be reasonably effective in minimising child deaths in most work places, farms are an exception. On farms, home and work activities overlap, and informal participation in work by the young is quite common. Preventive efforts should give special attention to farms and tractors, to toddlers and male children, and to measures (such as safety devices and other external control measures) which do not rely on behavioural change in the young people at risk. Adults responsible for young children should be educated to anticipate dangerous situations and thus ensure children are protected from injury

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00296.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY