摘要:

Potato is an important crop for Polish agriculture, now grown on an area of 1.8 million ha, with an annual production of about 35 million t. The crop is used for fodder (pork production), human consumption and as a raw material for various branches of industry. High quantity and quality are essential for proper utilization. The main limiting factors in Polish potato production are: water (shortage or excess), seed potato quality, cultivation practices, and damage by pests, diseases and weeds. Improving the economics of potato production depends on decreasing the acreage and increasing the extent of proper protection. The major constraint is late blight (Phytophthora infestans) which causes yield losses estimated at 22.8%. Blight control is indispensable. The level of resistance among Polish cultivars, both in haulm and tuber, is not satisfactory, so more intensive resistance breeding is needed. Chemical control has increased in popularity, but improper use of phenylamides has created new problems. Further progress will depend on cost‐effective methods of control and reliable use of fungicide

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb00443.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An integrated pest management program utilizing the egg parasiteEdovum puttlerifor Colorado potato beetle control was developed at Beltsville (US). This program presents an alternative control that is environmentally safe, cost‐effective and energy‐effici

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb00444.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Colorado beetle) was found in Poland for the first time in 1945 and a great invasion of this pest took place in 1950. It now plays a very important role in Polish plant protection, mainly because the acreage of potato in Poland amounts to about 1.8 million ha. The pest is controlled by repeated insecticide applications to a yearly total of 2 million ha, which is the highest amount of insecticides used in Poland. Research has been carried out in Poland on the following subjects: biology and ecology of Colorado beetle, influence of pest appearance and control on the biocenosis of fields, methods of control, biochemical factors influencing the life cycle, forecasts and warning of appearance, artificial diet, resistance of potato cultivars and reaction of leaf blades of potato to the eggs of Colorado beetle. Research is also carried out on chemical control, modernization of pesticide recommendations and resistance of Colorado beetle to pesticides. The influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the reduction of Colorado beetle numbers has been studied. With a view to possible biological control, predatory bugs (Perillus bioculatusandPodisus maculiventris) were introduced into Poland in 1959 and 1979. Research is also conducted on entomopathogenic fungi, parasitic nematodes, protozoans, spiroplasms andBacillus thuringiensis.

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb00445.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pour éviter l'introduction du doryphore de la pomme de terre dans les iles Anglo‐Normandes, le service français de la protection des végétaux méne, en collaboration avec les comités agricoles de Jersey et de Guernesey dans le cadrede I'OEPP, une lutte originale en Normandie. Cette lutte est baste sur la biologie de I'insecte (conditions d'hibernation et de vol) et sur I'étude des conditions climatiques (température, insolation, vent). La synthése journaliére des donnees permet de détecter les périodes critiques. Ces observations sont complétés par une surveillance des cultures de pommes de terre et des avis de traitements obligatoires sont envoyés dans 228 communes. 11s visent I'élimination du doryphor

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb00446.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In trials of deltamethrin againstLeptinotarsa decemlineataon potato crops in several European and Mediterranean countries, high levels of efficacy were obtained. Recommendations are accordingly presented for rational use of this insecticide to controlL. decemlineata, and also several other important insect pests of potato, taking due account of results on the safety of deltamethrin for the user, consumer and environment.

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb00447.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The official Netherlands government policy to reduce the volume of chemical plant protection products, that will be laid down in a policy document later in 1991, includes the reduction of chemical haulm killers in potato growing. Although the prospects are promising, the reduction of chemical haulm killers has to be introduced gradually, thus enabling farmers and industry to meet the demands for reliable and effective mechanical equipment. Introduction of mechanical haulm destruction techniques has to go hand in hand with adaptation of alternative growing and harvesting techniques, choice of cultivar, etc., which have to satisfy phytosanitary and profitability requirements. During a transition period, at least one efficacious chemical compound must be available in case of emergency, where mechanical equipment cannot be brought into action for climatic reasons.

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb00448.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Only two plant parasitic nematode species have practical importance in potato crops in Poland. They areDitylenchus destructorandGlobodera rostochiensispathotype Ro1. Control ofD. destructoris done permanently by the elimination of infested seed potatoes and sowing of cereals in the infested fields. Damage to potatoes is observed rather seldom.G. rostochiensisis widely distributed throughout Poland. It is controlled by non‐host crops and by resistant potato cultivars. Chemical control of potato nematodes is not put into practice in Polan

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb00449.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Potato cyst nematodes (PCN),Globodera rostochiensisandG. pallida, are widespread in the ware potato‐growing areas of the UK. Traditionally they were controlled by rotation but more intensive production methods have increased the PCN threat, especially fromG. pallida. G. rosrochiensishas become less important since cultivars fully resistant to it were introduced but, where both species are present in a mixture, theG. pallidaportion comes to dominate. It is possible to controlG. pallidaas effectively as G.rostochiensisif cultivars partially resistant toG. pallidaare grown with nematicide treatment. Where nematicide is not used, control ofG. pallidais more variable. In some years, some cultivars achieve good control but the results are not consistent. In general,G. pallidahas increased on untreated plots about 5‐fold in trials in the last 3 ye

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb00450.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A crop rotation field study was conducted in 1981–1989 to assess the effect of six crop rotation sequences on a soil population of potato cyst nematode (PCN),Globodera rostochiensis, and on potato yield. In the plots with potato monoculture, the tuber yield decreased from 35 to 4.6 t ha−1. All other cropping systems maintained the yield at the original or an even higher level. In monoculture, the population density of the nematode was raised during the first 3 years from 0.1 to 265 larvae g−1soil, and the density fluctuated afterwards between 30 and 136 larvae g−1soil. Three of the cropping systems, (1) susceptible potato once in 5 years, (2) susceptible potato once in 4 years, and (3) potato once in 3 years using resistant (H1) and susceptible cultivars alternately, decreased the nematode density under the economic threshold or even under the level of detection. The nematicide treatments (oxamyl) did not control nematode multiplication but prevented yield losses. No nematicide is currently registered nor needed for the control of PCN in Finland. The nematode can be controlled effectively with crop rotation, resistant cultivars and early har

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb00451.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Le mildiou de la pomme de terre reste l'une des maladies les plus graves dans le nord‐ouest de la France. Les agents du Service de la Protection des Végétaux utilisent pour leurs conseils en avertissements agricoles un modéle de prévision appelé Guntz Divoux qui définit des périodes de risques: contamination à partir de l'humidité relative et de la température, incubation à partir des températures moyennes journalières. Depuis la campagne de 1989, le modéle MILSOL quantitatif est testé: il évalue l'importance de la contamination et de la sporulation. Les campagnes de 1989 et de 1990 n'ont pas permis une validation compléte et l'étude se poursuit. En plus des modéles, le Service de la Protection des Végétaux conseille une stratégie rigoureuse quant á l'emploi des spécialités commerciales: spécialités a base de matiére active de contact en début et fin de saison; spécialités á base de matiére active pénétrante en période d'orage; spécialités á base de matiére active systémique en période de croissance active de la végétation. La résistance aux phénylamides est constatée dans 50% des parcelles testées. Aussi la conception du produit (3 voies = systémique + contact + pénétrant, ou 2 voies = pleine dose de contact + systémique) doit s'accompagner d'une stratégie d'application trés rigoureuse: traitement préventif, 2 á 3 applications au maximum par an, intervalle entre deux intervent

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb00452.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY