摘要:

The specialized chemosensory systems of taste and smell are mediated by chemically sensitive receptors that are in a continual state of turnover and regeneration. Both systems project into the central nervous system and connect with sensory and limbic areas of the forebrain. Much has been learned recently about the nature of gustatory and olfactory transduction. Simple ion channels in gustatory cells and membrane receptors coupled to second messenger cascades in taste and olfactory receptors are involved in transducing chemical signals into neural activity. Gustatory receptors and higher-order neurons appear to be responsive to chemicals representing more than one taste quality, although their profiles of sensitivity suggest functional groups of cells. Olfactory neurons are also sensitive to a range of stimulus qualities. Recent work suggests that olfactory receptors may be encoded by a family of genes related to neurotransmitter and hormone receptors.

ISSN:0885-9701    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Posttraumatic smell and taste deficits are seldom appreciated as potential sources of Impairment and resultant functional disability. This article reviews information regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prognosis of posttraumatic olfactory and gustatory deficits. Recent findings demonstrate that olfactory deficits correlate with severity of brain injury and are present In 20% to 30% of severe head injuries. Gustatory deficits are relatively rare, having an incidence of less than 0.5%. By understanding issues regarding incidence, etiology, and assessment methods for these posttraumatic conditions, clinicians will be better able to direct patient care In terms of diagnosis and rehabilitation.

ISSN:0885-9701    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Chronic chemosensory dysfunction may affect 2 million adult Americans. Although most can be ascribed to active nasal/sinus processes, previous respiratory viral damage, and head trauma, many other conditions may be causative or contributory. These include neurologic, psychiatric, latrogenic, endocrine, hepatic, renal, autoimmune, oral, and congenital disorders. Damage by environmental agents should also be considered. Treatment is available for nasal/sinus disease, some forms of parosmia, and dysgeusia due to oral pathology. Loss of the early warning system for some environmental dangers should be discussed with all patients with olfactory loss.

ISSN:0885-9701    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The otorhinolaryngologic evaluation of the patient with head injury begins with a clarification of the patient's symptoms and a history of events at the time of the chemosensory loss. This is followed by a thorough head and neck examination, including nasal endoscopy and computerized tomographic Imaging. After the taste and smell testing has been completed, an etiologic diagnosis should be established. Sometimes it is necessary to perform regional anesthesia studies of the nasal cavities, tongue, or pharynx to help isolate the problem. Medical and surgical treatment may help restore olfactory ability when there are obstructions in the nasal airways.

ISSN:0885-9701    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Although a large number of head trauma patients evidence significant alterations In the ability to taste and smell, quantitative assessment of their dysfunction is rarely performed. This is unfortunate, since such assessment Is critical for establishing the validity of the complaint, characterizing the specific nature of the problem, objectively monitoring changes in function over time, Including those resulting from medical Interventions or treatments, detecting malingering, and establishing compensation for disability. In this article, a discussion of the theory and methods for objectively testing the senses of taste and smell is presented, along with a number of examples of the application of various chemosensory tests in the clinical setting.

ISSN:0885-9701    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Rehabilitative management of olfactory and gustatory deficits following cranial or brain Injury must be holistic In nature and address the cornucopia of functional issues that may arise as a result of these often Ignored posttraumatic Impairments. Appropriate neuromedical care and prognostication are critical in conjunction with addressing rehabilitative concerns. Issues that may arise during rehabilitation may include hygiene, behavior, appetite, homemaking, and vocational and avocational matters. Counseling and education regarding chemoreceptive impairments are essential parts of a good chemoreception rehabilitation program. Issues regarding Impairment and disability determination relative to chemoreceptive deficits must also be dearly understood by the treating professionals, as well as by legal counsel.

ISSN:0885-9701    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A geriatric patient with trauma-related olfactory loss faces a greater Impairment than a young person with trauma-related loss, since aging alone takes Its toll on the ability to smell. Traumatic loss will be superimposed on an already existing loss. Age-associated differences in both taste and smell have been dearly established. Olfactory loss actually contributes more than taste loss to older people's difficulty with food appreciation. Odor-threshold sensitivity decreases, odor Intensity decreases, and the ability to identify and remember odors is reduced. In designing appropriate rehabilitation for geriatric trauma patients, knowledge of age-related effects on olfaction and gustation will be helpful.

ISSN:0885-9701    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Little existing research has considered the effects of preexisting behavior on recovery after minor head Injury (MHI). Case populations are compared to non-head-lnjured control subjects, and limited recovery is reported If the case group does not perform as well as the control population. It is not dear, however, if the identified control group is indeed comparable to the identified case group. In this study, a crosssectional analysis addressing psychosocial history was completed, comparing people who sustain an MHI to case and control groups Included In other studies of MHI. The goal of this research was to ascertain if those who sustained an MHI were behaviorally different from those who did not sustain such an injury. If preinjury behavioral differences are identified, perceived recovery may be compromised. Subjects who sustained an MHI were, In this study, similar to other MHI populations and to the general population in most demographic categories. However, this group was more likely to have sustained a previous head Injury and to have pretrauma putative learning disability. Preinjury behavior and personality are associated with risk of sustaining MHI, and these traits may be Independently associated with recovery after MHI. Determination of recovery after MHI may be confounded due to inappropriate choice of control population, and thus reports of lack of recovery among an MHI population must be interpreted with care.

ISSN:0885-9701    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0885-9701    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0885-9701    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID