摘要:

Proceedinas - - - - -of the Analytical Division ofThe Chemical SocietyPADSDZ107108109109115119123127127130130131132CONTENTSAnnual General MeetingsReports of MeetingsSummaries of Papers'Marine Analysis''Programming for Incompetence''Teaching Atomic Spectroscopy''The Social Importance of AnalyticalChemistry' (Robert Boyle Essay)NoticeConferences and MeetingsRank Hilger Spectroscopy PrizeChemical Society LibraryPublications ReceivedAnalytical Division DiaryVolume 12 No 4 Pages 107-1 32 April 197Vol. 12, No. 4 April, 1975PROCEEDINGSOF THEANALYTICAL DIVISION OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETYOfficers of the Analytical Divisionof the Chemical SocietyPresidentG . W. C. MilnerHon. SecretaryP. G . W. CobbSecretaryMiss P.E. HutchinsonHon. Treasurer Hon. Assistant SecretariesJ. K. Foreman D. I. Coomber, O.B.E.; D. W. WilsonEditor, ProceedingsP. C. WestonProceedings is published by The Chemical Society.Editorial: The Director of Publications, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W1 V OBN.Telephone 01 -734 9864. Telex 268001.Subscriptions (non-members): The Chemical Society, Publications Sales Office, Blackhorse Road, Letch-worth, Herts., SG6 IHN.Non-members can only be supplied with Proceedings as part of a combined subscription with The Analystand Analytical Abstracts.@ The Chemical Society 1975Scottish Region MeetingA One-day Intensive Course onwill be held atAtomic-a bsorption SpectrometryThe University of Strathclyde, GlasgowonWednesday, May 28th, 1975, from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m.Lectures on principles, instrument design, practical techniques inbiological, agricultural and metallurgical analysis and on appli-cations of recent instrumental developments in atomic absorptionwill be given by I. Dale, C. B. Mullins, J. M. Ottaway, W. B.Rowston and A. M. Ure.The course is intended for newcomers to the field, but will alsoprovide a review of current developments in atomic-absorptionspectrometry for routine analysis.All of the leading manufacturers will be taking part in thedemonstration sessions.For further information, contact Dr. J. M. Ottaway, Departmentof Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, CathedralStreet, Glasgow, G I IXL

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD97512FX014

出版商:RSC    

年代:1975

数据来源: RSC

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April, 1975 PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED 131Analytical Division Diary, continuedMay, continuedWednesday, 21st, 6.30 p.m. : LondonSouth East Region : Inaugural Meeting.“The Chemical Industry and AnalyticalChemistry-Three Ages, ’’ by C. Whalley .Followed by a Cheese and Wine Party in theRooms of the Chemical Society.The Linnean Society, Burlington House,Piccadilly, London. W. 1 .Wednesday, 28th, 9 a.m.: GlasgowScottish Region on “Atomic-absorptionSpectrometry. ”Lecturers include I. Dale, C. B. Mullins,J . M. Ottaway, W. B. Rowston andA. M. Ure.The University of Strathclyde, CathedralStreet, Glasgow, G1 1XLAnalytical Division DiaryAPRILThursday, 24th, 11.15 a.m.: HuntingdonEast Anglia Region and RadiochemicalMethods Group on “The Use of Radio-isotopes in Metabolic Studies.”“The Use of Radioisotopes in MetabolicStudies in Animals,” by R.N. Woodhouse.“The Use of Radioisotopes in MetabolicStudies in Man,” by G. H. Draffan.Huntingdon Research Centre, Huntingdon.Western Region, jointly with the SouthWales Section of the Society of ChemicalIndustry.Works visit to Parke-Davis, Pontypool,2 p.m.“Bacteriological Control in the Food andPharmaceutical Industry,” by J . G. Davies,Joint Students Union, Park Place, Cardiff.North West Region.“Pharmaceutical Analysis and Safety,” byE. R. Squibb & Sons, Moreton, Wirral,Wednesday, 3Oth, 7 p.m. : CardiffWednesday, 30th, 7 p.m.: MoretonC. Daglish.Cheshire.Wednesday, 30th, 10 a.m.: WiltonNorth East Region, jointly with the NorthEast Region of the Industrial Division, on“Analysis in the Petroleum Based In-dustries-A Critical Evaluation of thePresent Position and Future Developmentin the Primary and Secondary Industries.”“Cracker Analyses,” by G.E. Penketh.“Refinery Analyses,” by F. W. Venables.“Plastics Analyses,” by Diana Simpson.“Fibres Analyses and Identification, ” by“Analytical Research,” by J . Mortimore.Petrochemicals Division, ICI Ltd. , Wilton,B. F. Sagar.Cleveland. (N.B. : Change of date).MAYThursday, 8th, 2.30 p.m. : LondonJoint Pharmaceutical Analysis Group on“Standardisation and Control of NewerTablet and Capsule Presentations.”The Pharmaceutical Society of GreatBritain, 17 Bloomsbury Square. London,wc1.Friday, 9th, 11 a.m.: BristolBiological Methods Group : Summer Meeting.Visit to the Long Ashton Research Stationand National Fruit and Cider Institute,The University, Long Ashton, Bristol.Tuesday, 13th, 6 p.m.: HerefordMidlands Region meeting to take the form ofan “Ecclesiastical Court,” which willconsider “The Canonisation of CertainAnalytical Techniques.”The Postulators: S.Greenfield (PlasmaSpectroscopy), P. W. Hurley (X-rayFluorescence), J. Woodward (AtomicSpectroscopy), V. J. Jennings (Polaro-graphy) and A. P. Husbands (Colorimetry).The “Devil’s Advocate” : L. S. Bark.The “Cardinals” : D. Thorburn Burns (Chair-man), A. A. Smales, R. Belcher, E. Bishopand C. Whalley.The “Pope”: G. W. C. Milner.Henry Wiggin & Co. Ltd., Holmer Road,Hereford.Thursday, 15th, 9.30 a.m.: LutonParticLe Size Analysis Group on “The CoulterIntroduction, by R. N. Martin.“Pulse Response of the Coulter Counter,”by B. Scarlett.“Coincidence Correction in the CoulterCounter,” by P. J. Lloyd.“Application of a Model TA Coulter Counterin Pharmaceutical Development,” by N. A.Orr and J. Spence.“Use of the Coulter Counter on Ultra-filtered Sea Water,” by R. E. Davis.“An Evaluation of a Coulter On-line Moni-tor,” by M. I. Barnett.The meeting will include a tour of CoulterElectronics Ltd.The Bedford Suite, Esso Motor Hotel,Dunstable Road, Luton, Beds.Principle. ”Thursday, 15th, 2.30 p.m.: LondonSpecial Techniques Group on “New Develop-ments in Molecular Spectroscopy.”“The Detection and Determination of TramAmounts of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydro-carbons by Fluorescence SpectrometryUtilising the Shpol’skii Effect at 77 K,”by G. F. Kirkbright.“Laser Techniques for Pollution Monitoring,”by E. L. Thomas.“Thin-layer Phosphorirnetry, ” by J . Miller.Lecture Theatre A, College Block, ImperialCollege, South Kensington, London, S.W.7.[continued inside back cover]Printed by Heffers Printers Ltd Cambridge Englan

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD97512BX016

出版商:RSC    

年代:1975

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Vol. 12, No. 4 April, 1975 of the Analytical Division of the Chemical Society Annual General Meeting of the Society for Analytical Chemistry The one hundred and first Annual General Report of the.Counci1 for the year ending Meeting of the SAC was held at 2 p.m. on December 31st, 1974, was presented by the Friday, March 14th, 1975, at the Geological Honorary Secretary and adopted. A brief Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, report on the progress of liquidation was W.1. The Chair was occupied by the President, Dr. G. W. C. Milner, F.R.I.C., M.1nst.P. The presented by the liquidator, Mr. H. Newman. Annual General Meeting of the Analytical Division The third Annual General Meeting of the Analytical Division of the Chemical Society was held at 2.40 p.m. on Friday, March 14th, 1975, a t the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l.The Chair was occupied by the President, Dr. G. W . C. Milner, F.R.I.C., M.1nst.P. The Rules of the Division had been circulated and were adopted. The Report of the Council for the year ending March, 1975, was presented by the Honorary Secretary and adopted. The Special Resolu- tion to allow Dr. G.W. C. Milner to senre a third year as President was approved. The Scrutineers, Mr. M. A. Crook and Dr. J. Warren, reported that the following had been elected officers for the coming year- Presidc.nc.G. W. C . Milner, D.Sc., F.R.I.C., Past Presidents sewing on the CotcnctZ-A. A. Vice-Presidents-W. T. Elwell, W. H. C. Honorary Treasurm-J. K. Foreman. Horuwlrry Secretary--P.G. W. Cobb. Howary Assistant Secretaries-D. I. Coom- ber (Programmes Secretary) and D. W. Wilson. Other Members of Council-The Scrutineers further reported that 662 valid ballot papers had been received and that votes had been cast in the election of Ordinary Members of Council as follows-L. S. Bark, 362; D. Barnes, 211; H. E. Brookes, 406; L. E. Coles, 325; W. J. Price, 411; D.I. Rees, 269; F. C. Shenton, M.1nst.P. Smales, T. S. West and C. Whalley. Shaw and J. D. R. Thomas. 331; D. C. M. Squirrell, 401; A. Townshend, 374; and J. Whitehead, 368. The President declared the following to have been elected Ordinary Members of Council for the ensuing two years-L. S. Bark, H. E. Brookes, W. J. Price, D. C. M. Squirrell, A. Townshend and J. Whitehead.R. Belcher, E. Bishop, R. M. Dagnall, J. B. Dawson, H. Egan and J. M. Ottaway, having been elected members of the Council in 1974, will, by the rules of the Division, remain members of the Council for 1975. F. J. Bryant (Chairman of the Analytical Abstracts Editovial Committee), D. Betteridge (Chairman of the Programmes Committee), H. J. Cluley (Chairman of The Analyst Publi- cations Committee), D.c. Garratt (Chairman of the Analytical Methods Committee), G. F. Kirkbright (Chairman of the Analytical Books and Monographs Committee), F. E. Harper (Chairman of the North East Region), W. J. Williams (Chairmn of #he Weslerrr, Region), D. T. Bums (Chairman of the Midlands Region), A. W. Hartley (Chairman of the East Anglia Region) and C. A. Johnson (Chairman of the South East England Region) will be ex oflcio members of the Council for 1975. L. S. Bark (Chairman of the North West Regim) and J. M. Ottaway (Chairman of the Scottish Region) are elected members of Council. The Annual General Meeting was followed by a special lecture entitled “A Composition of Some Days . . . ,,’ by R. C. Chirnside, and in the evening by the Biennial Formal Dinner at the Goldsmiths’ Hall, Foster Lane, London, E.C.2. 107

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9751200107

出版商:RSC    

年代:1975

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

108 REPORTS OF MEETINGS Proc. Analyt. Div. Chew. SOC. Reports of Meetings North West Region A Joint Meeting of the Region with the Liver- pool Section of the CS was held at 7 p.m. on Tuesday, March 18th, 1975, in the Main Lecture Theatre, The Polytechnic, Byrom Street, Liverpool. The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the North West Region, Dr. L. S. Bark. A lecture on “X-ray Diffraction in Industry” was given by M.T. I. Gunbi. Western Region An Ordinary Meeting of the Region was held a t 6.30 p.m. on Friday, March 14th, 1975, at the George Hotel, Chepstow. The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Region, Dr. W. J. Williams. A discussion on “Classical Methods of Analysis in Modern Analytical Chemistry, ” was introduced by G. V. James. Midlands Region A Joint Meeting of the Region with the Lough- borough University of Technology Chemical Society was held at 4.15 p.m.on Tuesday, March 4th, 1975, in the Edward Herbert Building, University of Technology, Lough- borough. The Chair was taken first by the Chairman of the University Chemical Society, Mr. R. Humphries, and subsequently by the Vice-chairman of the Midlands Region, Dr. A. Townshend.A lecture on “100 Years of Atomic Spectro- scopy,” was given by D. Thorburn Burns. North East Region A Joint Meeting of the Region with the Asso- ciation of Public Analysts was held a t 2 p.m. on Wednesday, March 12th, 1975, a t the Royal County Hotel, Durham. The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the North East Region, Mr. F. E. Harper. The subject of the meeting was “The Analyst and Consumer Protection” and the following papers were presented and discussed : “Your Money or Your Life,” by F.C. Shenton; “Toxic Metals in Domestic Utensils and Toys,” by J . Roburn; “Screening Foods and Other Materials for Metallic Contamination,” by J. W. Robertson. East Anglia Region A Joint Meeting of the Region with the Mid- Anglia Section of the CS was held at 6 p.m.on Tuesday, March 25th, 1975, a t the Poly- technic, Hatfield. The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Mid-Anglia Section of the CS, Mr. R. P. Taubinger. A lecture on “Atomic Fluorescence Spectro- photometry and the Development of Sources of Excitation” was given by B. L. Sharp. Microchemical Methods Group A Discussion Meeting of the Group was held a t 6.30 p.m. on Wednesday, March 5th, 1975, a t Imperial College, Senior Common Room, South Kensington, London, S.W.7.The Chair was taken by the Vice-chairman of the Group, Dr. D. A. Pantony. A discussion on “Ion-probe Analysis” was introduced by J . V. P. Long. Biological Methods Group A Discussion Meeting of the Group was held a t 2.30 p.m. on Wednesday, March 26thJ 1975, at the Pharmaceutical Society, 17 Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.l.The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Group, Mr. F. W. Webb. A discussion on “Heparin” was introduced by M. Brozovic, V. V. Kakkar and D. P. Thomas. Elect roanalyt ical Group A Meeting of the Group was held at 3 p.m. on Monday, March 17th, 1975, a t King’s College, Strand, London, W.C.2. The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Group, Mr.A. E. Bottom. A lecture on “pH and Ion Activity Stan- dards” was given by Professor R. G. Bates. Education and Training Group A Joint Meeting of the Group with the Edu- cational Techniques Subject Group of the Education Division of the CS was held at 2 p.m. on Wednesday, March 19th, 1975, at the Polytechnic of the South Bank, Borough Road, London SE1 OAA. The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Educational Techniques Subject Group, Dr. R. B. Moyes. The subject of the meeting was “Educational Technology in the Service of Analytical Chemis- try” and the following papers were presented and discussed : “What is Educational Tech- nology?,” by Professor L. J. Haynes; “The Use of Film and Television,” by W. J. Williams; “The Tape Slide Presentation,” by M. Pattison ; “Applications of the Audiopage,” by D. F. G. Pusey. The meeting included a small exhibition of relevant equipment and members visited the Polytechnic’s Learning Aids Laboratory.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9751200108

出版商:RSC    

年代:1975

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

April, 1975 MARINE ANALYSIS 109 Marine Analysis The following are summaries of three of the papers presented at the Ordinary Meeting of the SAC/AD held on December 4th, 1974, and reported in the December issue of Proceedings (p. 309). Introduction J. P. Riley Departme& of Oceanography, The University of Livevpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool, L69 3BX The determination of trace elements in sea water poses challenging problems for the marine chemist, mainly as a result of the low concentrations (about 2 pg 1-l) at which most of them occur, but also because of the high concentrations of major ions.Particular care must be taken when collecting in order to avoid contamination of the sample. Serious contamination may arise due to the leaching out of elements, such as zinc or barium, that are employed as fillers in the plastics used in the construction of the sampling bottles.Contamination may also arise from the hydrographic suspension wire and from paint flakes, etc., from the research ship itself. During storage of the samples both contamination and adsorption may lead to changes in the trace metal concentration. Losses through adsorption can often be reduced by storing the samples in polyethylene bottles after acidification to pH 2.2.However, there is much to be said for concentrating the trace elements immediately after collection of the sample. Only two analytical techniques have sufficient sensitivity for the direct determination of trace elements in sea water, and these techniques are rather limited in their scope.Thus, instrumental neutron-activation methods have been employed for the examination of freeze- dried sea salts, but these methods only permit the determination of a limited, rather hetero- geneous collection of elements to be determined. Furthermore, the analysis takes up to 6 weeks because of the need to allow short-lived nuclides that arise from major elements to decay before carrying out gamma-ray spectrometry.Anodic stripping voltammetry has also been used for direct analysis of sea water, but is only completely satisfactory for the determination of cadmium and lead. With all other methods of determination it is necessary to carry out a pre-concentration stage. Although co-precipitation was often used for this purpose in the past, it has been largely superseded by solvent extraction and ion-exchange techniques.Solvent extraction, employing the ammonium tetramethylenedithiocarbamate - isobutyl methyl ketone system has been extensively used for the concentration of some of the commoner heavy metals (e.g., copper, zinc and nickel) prior to their determination by atomic-absorption spectro- photometry. However, the difficulty of extracting large volumes of sample and the low concentration factor attainable (100, at most) restricts this technique to the more abundant trace elements.Normal cation-exchange methods are of comparatively little value for pre- concentration of trace elements from sea water because of the preponderance of sodium. The use of anion exchangers is largely limited to those elements that form stable chloro-anions in sea water (e.g., cadmium, mercury, silver and bismuth).A much greater range of trace metals can be concentrated by means of chelating ion-exchange resins, and concentration factors in excess of 2000 can be easily attained by their use. The columns can be readily used at sea and then brought back to the land-based laboratory to be eluted. Atomic-absorption spectrophotometry is widely used for the determination of trace metals after concentration.The technique has much to recommend it on the grounds of comparatively low cost, sensitivity, specificity and because it permits the consecutive determination of several elements. The development of flameless atomisers has considerably increased the sensitivity of atomic-absorption spectrophotometry and extended its scope.Pulse polarography is another useful tool for the examination of concentrates, particularly those obtained by means of chelating ion exchange. When concentrations of trace metals are too low for them to be determined conveniently by use of the above techniques, it is often possible to determine them in concentrates by means of neutron-activation analysis.In this way sensitivities in excess of 0.01 ng 1-1 can be frequently achieved ( e g . , for indium and the lanthanides).110 MARINE ANALYSIS Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. Analysis for Organic Constituents in the Estuarine Situation F. J. Whitby Imperial Chemical Industries Limited, Brixham Laboratory, Brixham, Devon, TQ5 8BA Analysis for organic constituents in estuarine waters, sediments or tissues is a necessary part of the study of such areas and of the work of the controlling authority.Although effluent control is primarily exercised at the point of discharge, studies of the effect of organic con- stituents on estuarine organisms are often carried out in the laboratory; the analytical procedures used are identical. Such studies are likely to be directed primarily at defined possible environmental hazards such as carcinogens, mutagens or compounds resistant to biodegradation or metabolic change.Much of our own work in this area has been concerned with a study of the fate of chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents in estuarine and inshore situations and the results are described else- where.l While the most powerful tool for the examination of mixed organic constituents in waters is probably the gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer, such equipment is expensive to purchase and operate.For this reason the successful use of a number of less sophisticated tools is described. All samples are likely to contain individual organic compounds in the concentration range from 100p.p.m.down to a few p.p.b. Usually the organic compound is transferred to an organic solvent prior to analysis and the significant available techniques are : direct ultraviolet spectrophotometry ; colorimetry; gas - liquid chromatography; thin-layer chromatography ; high-pressure liquid chromatography ; infrared spectrophotometry ; and radiotracer methods. Of these techniques, gas - liquid chromatography is probably most widely used because of its sensitivity and selectivity; it is likely that high-pressure liquid chromatography may in time play a similar role, particularly for non-volatile organic compounds.The three different categories of sample require different pre-treatment procedures in order to extract the organic contaminant into a solvent prior to analysis; often this pre-treatment stage permits a significant amount (perhaps 10-100 times) of pre-concentration, either directly or by subsequent evaporation of the extract.For tissue samples the steam distillation procedure offers maximum sensitivity because of the large sample that can be taken. The Soxhlet extraction procedure can also be quite sensitive as it is usually possible to concentrate the extract without significant loss of solute.The most successful pre-treatment procedures are indicated in Table I. TABLE I PRE-TREATMENT PROCEDURES Type of sample Outline procedure Waters Extraction into water-immiscible solvent Strip organic vapour into N,, trap on carbon and desorb into organic Steam distillation coupled with solvent extraction Use of special gas - liquid chromatographic techniques for pre-con- solvent centration, e.g., backflushing or head-space analysis Sediments/ sludges Tissues Strip organic vapour into N,, trap on carbon and desorb into Organic Steam distillation coupled with solvent extraction Shake with water-miscible organic solvent Soxhlet extraction in presence of anhydrous Na,SO, Strip organic vapour into N,, trap on carbon and desorb into organic Steam distillation coupled with solvent extraction Soxhlet extraction in presence of anhydrous N+SO, Use of modified Pye Solid Sampler solvent solvent Tissue extracts often contain significant amounts of lipid material, which is an embarrass- In such instances it is conventional to clean ment at the chromatographic stage of analysis.April, 1975 MARINE ANALYSIS 111 up the extract by percolation through a short column of dry-packed adsorbent such as Florisil, alumina or silica.2 Often, the identity of the main organic constituents of a discharge is known, so that identi- fication of peaks on the gas chromatograms can be carried out with some confidence by a cdmparison of emergence times for the sample run on a polar and then a non-polar stationary phase.If a number of components are present, the use of temperature programming is desirable. Confirmation of peak identification is then made by “spiking” with the pure compound. When the likely components in an extract are known with less certainty, the following general procedures can be used in order to segregate the components into characteris- tic groups prior to analysis by gas - liquid chromatography : separation into water-soluble and water-insoluble components ; separation into volatile and non-volatile components ; and sub-division based on the effect of pH on volatility or solvent extraction (this is a reflection of salt formation). Occasionally, identification of separated fractions can be achieved by use of ultraviolet or infrared spectroscopy.Finally, mention must be made of the likelihood of metabolic change in organic constituents when they are taken up by fauna or flora from estuarine waters. Using radio-labelled organic compounds in the laboratory it is possible to determine the uptake of the compound in fish tissue by scintillation counting and also by conventional gas - liquid chromatographic methods.In several instances, although both analytical procedures give essentially complete recovery of the organic compound from “doped” tissues, it is found that the result obtained by means of scintillation counting, using 14C-labelled materials, indicates significantly greater uptake of the organic constituent than is indicated by simultaneous gas - liquid chromatography. The discrepancy is likely to be due to metabolic change of the original organic compound and such change may complicate the interpretation of direct analysis for organic constituents in estuarine organisms.References 1. Pearson, C. R., and McConnell, G. D., “Chlorinated C, and C, Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environ- 2. Holden, A. V., and Marsden, K., J. Chromat., 1969, 44, 481. ment,” Royal Society Discussion on Organic Pollutants in the Sea, July Pfith, 1974.Constituent Interactions in Sea Water David Dyrssen Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, S-402 G6tebovg 5, Sweden There are 1.37 x 10l8 m3 of sea water containing 35 kg m-3 of sea salts. Each year 36 x 10l2 m3 of water run off from the land into the oceans.The upwelling of deep water is about twenty times larger, 720 x 10l2 m3 year-l (cf., Broeckerl). The run off carries about 18 0oO Mton of suspended particles into the seas every year (corresponding to 0.5 kg m-8) and about 3600 Mton of dissolvedmatter (0.1 kgm-3). At present, about half of the solids that go into the seas are due to the activities of man. Each year about 900 Mton of sea salts are carried on to land as sea spray.2*s The sea salts consist mainly of sodium (30.8 per cent.) and chloride (55.3 per cent.).In addition, there are potassium (1.1 per cent.), magnesium (3.7 per cent.), calcium (1.2 per cent.) and sulphate (7.7 per cent.). The major constituents interact with each other, depending on pH (see the ion-pairing diagram on p. 183 in ref.3), and these interactions will set the levels of pOH, pCO,, pSO,, pF and pC1 and thus influence the formation of hydroxide, carbonate, sulphate, fluoride and chloride complexes with trace metals. Further, many of the properties of sea water are determined by the interactions between the major constituents. The com- plexation of magnesium with sulphate explains the presence of the two maxima in the ultra- sonic attenuation in sea water.Complexation between magnesium or calcium with carbonate modifies the carbonate speciation. The speciation of fluoride is mainly determined by the complexation between magnesium and fluoride ions, while the same complexation has only a minor influence on the speciation of magnesium. The reason is simply that the molar concen- tration of magnesium is 700 times greater than the fluoride concentration.112 MARINE ANALYSIS PYOC.Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. Fig. 1 illustrates the speciation of sulphate from gypsum solubility studies with chloride and sulphate solutions of ionic strength 0.7 M, and Fig. 2 shows the corresponding "cakes" for magnesium and calci~m.~ These studies indicate chloride complexing (MgClf and CaCl+) , while other studies do not, Le., different methods of investigating the rather weak complex formation (interaction) with sulphate and chloride in sea water will not necessarily give the same constants.Kso, Fig. 1. Sulphate complexa- tion from studies of gypsum solubilities. Fig. 2. Complexation of magnesium and calcium from gypsum solubility studies.' MB(OH),+, M'HCO,+, MCO, and MF+, 0.3- 0-4 per cent.Photosynthesis and the formation of biogenic calcium carbonate and opal are processes that alter the speciation of many inorganic constituents of sea water. In order to account for the chemical shifts that are caused by the formation and bacterial breakdown of photo- synthetic matter, a model substance is needed (Table I). It is the shifts in alkalinity and total carbonate Lie., A(A t - C,] that determine the pH variations in sea water (cj., Fig. 1 in ref. 5). Many inorganic species must be carried through the membranes of a growing plankton spore (Fig. 3). Let us consider the speciation of the inorganic matter needed for the production of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, phosphate esters, etc. TABLE I PROTEINS (PEPTIDES) , PHOSPHATE ESTERS.TRACE ELEMENTS AND SEA SALTS MODEL SUBSTANCE FOR PHOTOSYNTHETIC MATTER CONSISTING OF CARBOHYDRATES, FATS, A c t Soft - 6 6 ~ -224~ - 1 6 ~ -U - 0 AAt 0 0 +16u 0 - 0 CaCO, formation Hard ACat = A c t = -u, AA = - 2v; v = 20 - 4&4 SiO, formation Asit = -5Ou Fig. 4 shows the difference in carbonate speciation in the upper production zone and lower regeneration zone.Table I1 shows some equilibrium and concentration data for biogenic opal (silica). In the Pacifrc regeneration zone, silicate will account for 6 p~ of a total alkalinity of 2400 p ~ . Phosphate will account for about 3 p ~ , while the concentration of borate is about 62 p ~ . As photosynthesis in the sea is limited by inorganic nitrate and phosphate, their concentrations in the upper photozone (down to 100-200 m) will be small.In the regeneration zone, the speciation of phosphate is shown in Fig. 5. It is doubt- ful whether titanium and aluminium have any biochemical role. The speciation of the trace elements can be calculated from the stability constants (cf., Dyrssen and Wedborg in Gold- berg3) and the results are shown in Table 111.It is possible that the hydroxides of titanium, manganese(IV), iron(II1) and aluminium are rapidly removed from the upper layer by falling Finally, let us consider the trace elements found in phytoplankton (see Fig. 3).April, 1975 MARINE ANALYSIS NO, 113 HCO, v Mn - Fe co c u Zn B Al? F Br I Fig. 3. Membrane transport of inorganic substances to a growing spore of phytoplankton.TABLE I1 EQUILIBRIUM DATA FOR BIOGENIC OPAL [SiO,(H,O),] IN THE REGENERATION ZONE Max. concentration in regeneration zone PH Si (OH),/SiO (OH) j- Si(OH), content SiO( OH),- content System Value 9-17 Varies with structure of SiO, Quartz 100 pM 1500 pM 1000 pM H+ + SiO(OH1,- + Si(OH), SiO,(s) + 2H,O + Si(OH), Biogenic opal at 23 "C Biogenic opal a t 3 "C -100 pM 7.86 109.17-7.86 = 20.4 95.3 per cent.4-7 per cent. [one quarter may be MSiO(OH),+ +co2 (Mg,Ca) CO, (Mg,Ca)HCO', Fig. 4. Carbonate speciation in the upper production zone (left) of the sea calculated with a total carbonate concentration of 2.000 mMw and carbonate alkalinity of 2.350 mMw givjng a pH of 8.280, and in the lower regeneration zone (right) with a total carbonate concentration of 2-350 mMr, a carbonate alkalinity of 2.400 mMw and pH of 7.856.'114 MARINE ANALYSIS Proc.Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. particles in the same way as thorium hydroxide, which has a mean lifetime of about 5 months (cf., Broeckerl). Dialysis (see Fig. 6) is a means of finding out if the elements can penetrate through a membrane. Solvent extraction is another technique for investigating the reactivity of trace metals, and stripping voltammetry is a method of investigating the state of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper in sea water.Particles on a filter can be investigated with an electron microprobe, a scanning electron microscope, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and Fig. 5. Speciation of phosphate in the regeneration zone. M*+ = Mgs+ and Cae+ ( Sr2+). Fig. 6.Dialysis cell6 made of a 20-cm length of 1 6 i n Visking tubing (Scientific Instruments Centre, London), the mean pore diameter of which is 4.8 nm. neutron-activation analysis. Hurnic acids and amino-acids may bind trace metals, but trace organic compounds may also be adsorbed on particulate matter. Ahnoff and Josefsson' constructed an extraction apparatus that will extract chlorinated pesticides from several hundred litres of water.Their results for studies on the Gota Rivers show that only 50 per cent. is recovered in the first extractor, which implies that substances such as PCBs are largely adsorbed on particulate matter. A problem that remains to be solved is to establish the species that determine the redox potential (Eh) of a platinum electrode. Usually, the pE of sea water is calculated from the 0, - H,O couple to be 12.6 at pH 8.However, the 10,- - I- and NO,- - N, couples give a pE of only 10.6 (Liss et dg). It is characteristic for redox reactions involving the transfer of TABLE I11 EQUILIBRIUM FORMS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SEA WATER Cations Uncharged species Anions Ti(OH), Mn(OH),* VOdOH) ,-( 17%) V02(OH) A83 % ) Fe (OH) 3 t c02+(70*7%) CoSO4 (9%):: cOCl+ (19.3%) :: &OH+ (1%): CuCl+ ( 1.2(yo) CuOH+ (4.4%) CuOHCl (6.1%) Zn*+ (16.1%) ZnC1, (15.4%) ZnCl+ (44.3%) ZnOHCl (12.5%) (Mg, Ca)B(OH),+ (4.7%) B(OH), (80.2%) B(OH),- (16.1 %) MgF+ (47.8%) CaF+ (2.0%) CUCO, (88.3 %) F- (50.2 yo) Br- AWW, I%-§ *Mn(II) is oxidised: Mn2+ + 2H,O-+Mn(OH), + 4Hf + 2e-.tFe(I1) is oxidised to Fe(II1). SCo(I1) is oxidised to Co(II1) in vitamin B,.§Measured values of [IO,-]/[I-] are about 20.April, 1975 PROGRAMMING FOR INCOMPETENCE TABLE IV OXIDISED AND REDUCED SPECIES THAT MAY INFLUENCE THE POTENTIAL OF A PLATINUM ELECTRODE 115 Numbers in parentheses refer to the numbers of electrons withdrawn from the zero states (H,O, C, N,. I, and S), e.g., 2H,O + 0, + 4H+ + 4e- 0.5N2 + C + H,O + -NHCO- + H+ + e- Oxidised species Reduced species H,O, H 2 0 8 (+a -COOH (+3), CO (+2), -CHO (+l), C -CH,OH (-l), --Ha- (-2) NO,- (+3), -NHCO- (+l), -CH(NH,)COOH 0, (+4) co, (+4) NO,- (+5) N,, NH,+ (-- 3) I- (-I), I(0l-g) 10,- (+5), I, SO,’- (+ 6) SO3,- (+4), SzOSa- (+ 6, - 2), S, HS- (- 2) (anoxic water) oxygen that they are slow, and as there are many reduced species in sea water (see Table IV) the potential of the platinum electrode may be determined by a mixture of substances. Speciation is important not only for the enrichment procedures in trace analysis and the electrochemical behaviour of the constituents, but it has also to be considered in high-precision titrations of the major constituents of sea water. In order to calculate the exact equivalence points in a titration of sea water with hydrochloric acid for the determination of the alkalinity and total carbonate, side-reactions must be considered, i e ., the amount of H+ bound to sul- phate, fluoride, borate, silicate and phosphate must be taken into account, together with the reactions with COa2- and HC0,-. This can be achieved by means of a computerised tech- nique (cf., Hansson and JagnerlO). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. References Broecker, W. S., “Chemical Oceanography,” Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, 1974. Dyrssen, D.. and Jagner, D., Editors, “The Changing Chemistry of the Oceans,” Almqvist and Goldberg, E. D., Editor, “The Sea,” Volume 5, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1974. Elgquist, B., and Wedborg. M., Mar. Chem., submitted for publication. Dyxssen, D., and Hansson, I., “Report on the Chemistry of Sea-Water,” University of Gothenburg, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Report. No. XIII. BeneS, P., and Steinnes, E.. Wat. Res.. 1974, 8, 947. Ahnoff, M., and Josefsson, B., AnaZyt. Chem., 1974, 46, 658. Ahnoff, M., and Josefsson, B., Ambio, submitted for publication. Liss, P. S., Herring, J. R., and Goldberg, E. D., Nature Phys. Sci. 1973, 120, 108. Hansson, I., and Jagner, D., AnaZytica Chim. Acta, 1973, 65, 363. Wiksell, Stockholm, 1972.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9751200109

出版商:RSC    

年代:1975

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

April, 1975 PROGRAMMING FOR INCOMPETENCE 115 Programming for Incompetence The following is an extended summary of the Address of the Retiring Chairman of the North West Region, delivered after the Annual General Meeting of the Region on January 24th, 1975, and reported in the March issue of Proceedings (p. 74). Training Analysts (or Programmed for Incompetence) A. C. Bushnell County Laboratory, County Hall, Preston, PRl 8XN I begin by questioning the wisdom of the Secondary Schools Examination Council, who, in their report in 1964, “The Examining of English Language” (H.M.S.O.), suggested that GCE examinations in English should cease.The suggestion led to some extraordinary communication from education platforms, and might be responsible for nobody apparently116 PROGRAMMING FOR INCOMPETENCE Proc.Analyt. Div. Chew. Soc. understanding chemists. Another notable event of 1964 was the first contributed paper in the Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry, which was written by the incoming Chairman of the North West Region for 1975, Dr. L. S. Bark, in which he expressed uneasiness about the earlier analytical training, which had been connected with mining needs, but which was not being modified to modem needs, and was being abandoned altogether.The remainder of this paper consists of quotations to show that Dr. Bark’s uneasiness was well founded. An article in the Municipal Journal recently suggested that the whole qualifying system is merely a means of keeping cheap manipulative labour in poorly paid posts by artificially introducing promotions hurdles.Oddly enough, a book by Harry Judge (together with a number of people concerned with education) suggested that examinations were unnecessary- one needed only to pursue a course of study in order to merit a qualification. This conclusion might be supported by past events. Perkin was only 18 years old when he invented mauvine, while Mond was recovering sulphur from Leblanc soda waste by the age of 23.Sir Humphrey Davy once said, “In my youth I enjoyed much idleness and it is to this fact that I owe all the talent which I possess.” Professor Bolland gave a talk in the North West in which he remarked how everybody subscribed to the idea that chemical properties advance in a systematic way as one progresses up the Perio- dic Table, but there was nothing systematic in Periodic Table terms about which carbonates will hydrate, which decompose with heat and which are soluble, nor about the way in which some chlorides are anhydrous, and some hydrate, while lithium chloride will dissolve in alcohol, beryllium chloride will not conduct electricity in the fused state and aluminium and iron chlorides hydrolyse to the hydroxides.With sulphates, too, some exist in the anhydrous form, some hydrate, some, like those of gold, are basic, some are soluble and some are not. Oxides are so unpredictable that people swotted them up as inevitable examination questions. Yet for many years nobody had questioned the tenet that there was progressive change in properties as one progressed up the Periodic Table: they had been too busy swotting up the information to think about the facts.Unfortunately, they were often answering science questions about materials they had never even seen. The first English railway chemist was one named E. Swann who was never qualified, yet he taught chemistry at the Crewe Mechanics Institute. A former President of the Association of Public Analysts had taken the former AIC in applied chemistry (Chemistry of Food and Drugs), which had been converted into an FRIC automatically with changes in examination structure, and he enjoyed his high office without ever having taken a course in general chem- istry.The personally given description of his examination in “Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy,” when the Institute of Chemistry had added this to a Branch E (so that the holders might perform forensic science duties) ran as follows : Certainly, taking courses does not, as we are often told, teach people to think.Many people had done well without an outstanding basic knowledge of chemistry. The older Fellows of the RIC had not necessarily been so clever. “Hello Russell-what are you here for?” “To be examined for the Certificate.” “Well-I suppose I’d better examine you then” (produces a bottle of white powder) “What’s this?” “Bicarbonate of soda.” “No-try again.” “Barium sulphate ? ” “No-more toxic than that.” “White arsenic then.” “Splendid! That’s right. Well-goodbye Russell, glad to have seen you again.” A trouble with examinations is that one has to give the acceptable answer, not necessarily the correct information.If you are asked, “Who discovered America?” the answer must be “Christopher Columbus,” not “John Cabot” or “The Indians, who were already there.” Thus, in a recent MChemA examination, a candidate was marked “wrong” when he answered that butter fat could be distinguished by gas-liquid chromatagraphy. Professor Irving likes to tell a story about an American professor who published a paper telling how iron(I1) became reduced to iron(II1).So much for examiners. Perhaps chemists make a better showing in practical work.April, 1975 PROGRAMMING FOR INCOMPETENCE 117 Professor R. Belcher once said in a lecture called “Myths and Legends in Analytical Chem- istry” that the most widely used text-book of inorganic analysis had been compiled by a mechanical process of transferring methods from the literature, and that Literally a third of the methods did not work. This had led professors to leave the teaching of qualitative analysis to the “dogsbodies” and, as they knew very little about it, it was badly taught.Another important book, Allen’s “Commercial Organic Analysis,” was compiled in the same way, and once it was a common saying in analytical laboratories that if the method was in Allen it would not work! So, one wouldassume that analysts were actually taught ana- lysis by their immediate seniors.Most education has been in the control, at some stage or another, of the local authorities and ideal training conditions would therefore be expected in their laboratories.I can claim to have been in five such laboratories, and in none of them had there been any form of training whatsoever. Two of the individual local authority men conducted good evening classes in analytical chemistry, but probably without the knowledge of their employing authorities. Within one of the local authority laboratories in the past, an all-qualified staff were using pipettes on which all the graduation markings had been scratched out and replaced, because not one of these degree and diploma holders had known that a pipette should be drained and not blown out.It was evidently not much different in industry, because Mr. D. 0. Singleton of Upjohns, speaking in 1972 at a Pharmaceutical Society symposium about training analysts, said that if smaller firms recruited people with HNC they hardly needed to provide any training, because the HNC entrant, almost alone, was capable of providing his own training.The knowledge Mr. Singleton wanted, incidentally, was : Background chemistry with background pharmacy and microbiology. Background analytical theory. Background use and limitations of instruments. Background knowledge of sampling and statistics.Background knowledge of accuracy and source of error. Background knowledge of basic practical techniques. One wonders how much he was willing to pay for all that. Industry does pay more for someone with a catering college Food Technology Certificate obtained in 3 years’ study starting with no 0-levels (or 2 years when starting with some 0-levels) than Lancashire County Council, for example, will pay for a fully qualified analytical chemist.The local authority takes its lead from industry, but many industries will give day-release for quali- fying only up to LRIC. Unfortunately, not even the Royal Institute of Chemistry seems to understand the LRIC. That qualification was said to be for the man who would perform BSI methods of analysis with the precision demanded, and who would know when “magic box” forms of apparatus results were implausible.Yet on my staff there was an HNC man who was found by the RIC to have no basic knowledge of the theory of atomic spectro- scopy and to be unable to give the formula for Nessler’s solution, and was therefore refused an LRIC because, they said, he was not given sufficient responsibility in his post to merit one.The RIC thought he would be better advised to apply for the qualification of the Society for Analytical Chemistry! I wonder whether any of the interviewers would have known how to make up Nessler’s solution. Some things about analysis have been said in the North of England or to SAC members in places where they might easily have heard them.Professor A . Holliday (1973): “There is no correlation between A-level results and any kind of measure of subsequent performance, yet A-levels are required by all the higher edu- cation bodies.” Professor A . Holliday (1973): “Pupils leave school with certificates in English and in mathematics, yet they are unable to write a comprehensible letter or to decide in a simple proportion sum which quantities go above the division line and which below.” Professor K . W. BagnaU (1974) : “Freshmen no longer have any leisure activities. Their heads are so crammed with facts that when they have leisure they will simply sit and look into space.” MY. C. S. Simpson (1973), in a talk entitled “High Performance Liquid Chromatography” : “Svett designed and understood the technique of liquid chromatography and it was used The candidate knew !118 PROGRAMMING FOR INCOMPETENCE PYOC.Analyt. DiV. Chem. SOC. fairly extensively around 1930 when plant pigments were investigated, but it was not until Martin and Synge developed a jargon for the method that it was taken up by the teaching bodies.” John Davy (1968), in a talk entitled “The Swing from Science”: “Students find that there is too much discipline, too little reward in science.” Dr.B. A . Hems (1972), in “Corticosteroids” : “For the majority of people there is no pressure to get ideas unless they have to. For a long time the company’s chemists got along on a simple rule of thumb, ‘If they did not create then I did!’ ” MY. C. WhaZZey (1974) : “Since on-line sensors took over from the laboratories for control of chemical processes, too often it has been found that in cases of dispute it has been the analysts who have been erring.” BY.S. Skidmore (1967) : “Sandwich students have begun to abandon chemistry after their periods of training in industry, possibly because they dislike what they see in industry. This might be incompetence.. . ” Dr. G. Nickless (1972) : “I find myself unable to answer my students’ criticisms about the non-specificity of some of the methods used in pesticide residue analysis, or about the total absence of knowledge about the actual origins of some of the GLC peaks returned as being pesticide residues. ” MY. J . Markland (1972) : “An account in The Analyst in 1960 tells of a flue dust reported as having contained 100 per cent.zinc oxide when in fact it contained only 1.5 per cent., because the X-ray diffraction method used for its determination had been incapable of determining the 98.5 per cent. of soot which was there in addition to the zinc.” Dr. D. Malcolm (1973): “In a collaborative study in the USA in which 25 laboratories were selected because of their reputations as competent laboratories in the determination of lead, they actually produced a range of results in which only five of the laboratories were approximately near the mark.” Dr. L. E. Coles (1974): “As Chairman of the Impurities Committee I have had a lot of opportunity of seeing that collaborative results between laboratories are often poor, especially where instrumental methods are used.” Professor G.Ourisson, in the 1974 Dalton Lecture: “Exodus 35, verses 30 to 35, tell us that Moses found a man who actually knew how to work metal, cut stones and carve wood, and Moses persuaded that man to teach others. He did not have people teaching who had merely heard that man telling others what they thought he had said.” Professor G . Ozlrisson: “The examination system has had the effect of freezing science, making students concentrate on what is in the syllabus and making the syllabus comb out an elite who often still know nothing outside the syllabus.” Professor A .Holliday (1973) : “Syllabuses are put together partly by specialists and partly by people who remember what they themselves learned and who require others blindly to learn the same.” Professor G.Ozarisson (quoting W. F. Libby, inventor of radiocarbon dating) : “The special- isation associated with the standard PhD thesis is so great that employment opportunities often do not exist.” MY. C. Whulley (1974) : “Don’t look to industry for a career as an analyst-look rather to the local authorities or the government laboratories in their new obligations connected with environmental pollution, human safety and product disposal.” MY.F . L. Cann (Director of the N. W. Forensic Science Laboratories) (1973) : “When each individual forensic laboratory struggled to analyse widely differing materials, to provide its own information service and to solve its own problems they were in an impossible situation.” Mr. B. R. J .Morgan (1974) : “The major problem which had led to the setting up of Home Office Laboratories was that consultants could not perform analyses of sufficient precision at the fees available.” How did all this come about? Mr. T. McLachlan, a very well known consultant analyst, was once hauled before an RIC disciplinary committee for saying that proper analyses could not be performed for local authorities at the fees available.There was a suggestion that this was criticism of the professional competence of his fellows. He survived the inquisitors . . . but how about professional competence? The Observer, on December lst, reported a Lancet article which said that recovery from simple operations is so variable that many surgeons mbst be incompetent for their entire working lives.Architects must live down RonanApril, 1975 TEACHING ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY 119 Point and high-rise flats. The Accountants’ professional body, a few years ago, could not produce a balance sheet. The Engineers have box-girder bridges as the skeletons in their closets. King James I said that artisans were people who could carry out a task successfully but that professional men were those who must in less certain circumstances give opinions.Or, freely translated, “They cannot do things, but pretend that they can.” So who actually does analysis now? In laboratories, the answer, surely, is immature labour. . . E. S. Hiscocks at the Leicester RIC Conference in 1963 said so. His words: “Pretty young girls are dextrous, adaptable, pleasant to have about and will marry before they become incompetent.They also do jobs without attempting to improve on existing methods-a time-wasting habit of the better qualified graduate.” Answer-chemists who in private consultancy business undercut analysis fees, and those in bigger business who advise their firms to allow release for study up to LRIC level but no further. Those in a certain laboratory who distinguish reagents only by code numbers.Those chemists in Civil Defence who issued War gas testing kits for Scientific Intelligence Officers to use, containing only secret reagents, also played a part. A former headmaster of Preston Grammar School once said: “Anybody can do chemical practical work.” The RIC thinks so too: the practical exams are now all in Part I.In my line of analysis, our competence is underwritten by our being subject to referee analyses by the Laboratory of the Government Chemist, but what of all the other chemists? They do no tests of practical skills. A practical examination might have helped them dem- onstrate competence, but they have not taken one. Perhaps instead they are good at knowing industrial poisons. The RIC sets industrial chemistry examinations, and I took all of them, yet I had no idea that asbestos was poisonous until 1964. In 1970 I heard about the 1931 Asbestos Act. So who looks after The Control of Pollution Act ?-the local authority Surveyors’ Departments do. Professor Ourisson said that new professorships for ambitious academics existed in the border areas between established sciences-and special qualifications have now been advanced for environmental matters. The people who take them are not chemists. Who in a local authority tests milk, spirits and petroleum?-the Weights and Measures Inspectors do! Whoever now wants an analysis to be done, does it himself, as it is of no use asking a chemist to do it-he has never been trained to do it. Fortunately, the new Chairman of the North West Region is internationally known as a practical man. Perhaps he can reverse the trend in which the only people who do no chemical analyses are qualified analytical chemists. Who keeps the profession of analytical chemistry at this sorry level? Who looks after water supplies?-water engineers do.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9751200115

出版商:RSC    

年代:1975

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

April, 1975 TEACHING ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY 119 Teaching Atomic Spectroscopy The following is one of the papers presented at a joint meeting of the Atomic Spectroscopy Group and the Education and Training Group held on December 3rd, 1974, and reported in the February issue of Proceedings (p. 42). The Instrument Manufacturers’ Viewpoint W. J. Price Pye Unicam Ltd., York Streef, Cambridge I cannot claim to speak for all manufacturers, and therefore the title of this paper ought probably to be “ A Manufacturer’s Viewpoint,” However, I believe that it is usual for the departments in manufacturing organisations that are concerned with technical liaison with customers i.e., the applications laboratories and demonstration staff , to extend their activities to more formal instruction of a kind which, though undertaken with a view to long term increases in sales through improving customer confidence, is clearly on a higher scientific plane than “selling” itself.120 TEACHING ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY Proc.Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. In Pye Unicam, for example, the training function has evolved as a logical extension to the facilities of the Application Laboratories (which are themselves part of the Marketing Division, and the staff of which take a prominent part in most training activities such as courses, summer schools and internal training sessions), so that we now have a member of staff who is respon- sible for the formal organisation and running of all training and educational activities.The question that I have to answer is, of course, why the manufacturers need to undertake such comprehensive training programmes.How do their programmes fit in with or supple- ment those offered by universities and colleges of technology as part of their graduate or post- graduate syllabuses ? Graduate Courses Lord Peter Wimsey once complained that, at school, we were never taught how to do any- thing really useful-like picking a lock, for instance.A few years ago we could have said that undergraduate chemists were not taught anything really useful, e.g., the operation of a spectro- photometer, but happily that is much less true today. A spectrophotometer is as much a way of life in today’s analytical laboratory as a precision balance was 25 years ago. Necessarily, the undergraduate is taught the basic principles of atomic and molecular spectroscopy, but because spectroscopy can be treated almost as pure physics, there may be a tendency to dwell on the theoretical aspects and to assume that the students will become familiar with the instruments when they go into the laboratory.Still worse, analytical atomic spectroscopy may not be even mentioned at undergraduate level.I have heard it said that atomic absorption can be left until the graduates are motivated in that direction by studies on environmental pollution. Postgraduate Courses Postgraduate courses, of which many are offered by universities and colleges of advanced technology, aim to create a better balance between the theoretical and practical aspects of the more advanced analytical techniques, and are often able to offer experience, albeit short, with several different makers’ versions of the same type of instrument, e.g., an atornic-absorp- tion spect rophot omet er .The Objective Perhaps, therefore, we should examine the goals, aims, and objectives that we as instrument manufacturers are concerned with when running courses for users of analytical instruments.Our courses are run in atomic-absorption, ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and X-ray fluorescence and diffraction, but I shall discuss analytical atomic spectroscopy in particular. The aim of the instrument manufacturer in teaching analytical atomic spectroscopy is to instil as much as possible of the relevant information.When teaching a practical subject, a balance must be achieved among background theory (which is of interest only if it enables us to explain practical procedures and situations) the design and operation of instruments, the chemical aspects of the subject (sample preparation and behaviour in a flame or plasma), sensitivity, precision and accuracy. The goal, in this instance, is to ensure that the trainee, of whatever level of education (unlike the situation with MSc courses we cannot restrict our applicants to those with honours degrees in chemistry), emerges with the ability to stand as a self-dependent operator in his chosen branch of spectroscopy.He should be taught a firm foundation in the operation of the technique, how to gain further experience, and where best to obtain further information.In this way the technique and the instrumentation involved lie within their capabilities and can be used to advantage. The technique becomes respected and accepted as a valuable analytical tool, andis not regarded as a scientific curiosity, which is advantageous to the manufacturer because he then attracts more customers. Also, we must accept that, the better the manufacturer’s business, the more resources can be directed to the development and design of new instruments.No manufacturer The objectives are to create a client6le of satisfied and able users.April, 1975 TEACHING ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY 121 will willingly admit to dissatisfied or incompetent users among his customers, because they waste his time, spread despondency and, worst of all, cause doubts to be cast on the reliability of the technique concerned.The instrument manufacturer has another goal, and that is to train his own staff, whether sales, product specialist or applications staff, to a high degree of competency in their particular activity. This not only creates an efficient and professional internal organisation, but also enables staff to talk to any customer, real or potential, about his problem and in the terms and language with which he is familiar.The Trainee People who attend postgraduate courses in spectroscopy or in a particular branch of spectroscopy generally fall into three groups: those who require the knowledge as part of a main subject; those to whom spectroscopy is to be one of the tools of their trade, e g ., analytical chemists, biochemists and pathologists; and those who need to know about spectroscopy as a peripheral or related subject, e.g., instrument designers, metallurgists and chemical engineers. We find that people who attend our infrared spectrophotometry and gas chromatography courses come from all three groups, but that those coming for courses in atomic-absorption spectrophotometry and X-ray fluorescence are almost exclusively from the second. Thus, these courses are designed around the analytical requirements, even around the jobs that the trainees themselves are employed to do.Extended courses, like the week-long summer schools in infrared spectrophotometry and gas chromatography are not found to be necessary for atomic-absorption spectroscopy.However, a week is necessary for X-ray fluorescence and diffraction because of the higher physics content of the theory and the greater complexity of the instrument ation. Perhaps the main difficulty that the manufacturer has in formulating his courses lies in the very wide range of capabilities and backgrounds of his trainees. As has already been mentioned, it is not possible to stipulate a common standard of entry to the courses.Trainees may be qualified, experienced analysts or spectroscopists, or just experienced analysts or spectroscopists. They know the basic essentials, the language and principles of analytical chemistry. They may have to learn some new definitions and concepts but these are not unlike the concepts involved in other branches of analysis.Trainees may be qualified in a different branch of science, e.g., physics, biology or medicine. Again, these people are quick to learn, and the meaning of the new concepts soon makes itself apparent in the practical sessions which are part of the course. These trainees usually have definite objectives (e.g., a medical researcher may wish to use atomic absorption in order to establish a relationship between certain trace elements and pathological conditions), and it is not difficult to slant either the lectures or the practicals according to their requirements. More difficult are the trainees who are neither qualified nor experienced. This group is probably more concerned with routine emission spectrography than with atomic absorption (e.g., shop-floor workers entrusted with “go-no go” control analysis) though some do attend our courses (e.g., tanker crews who check the trace metal content of fuel oil or aviation workers who check the degree of wear of lubricating oil).It is possible, in extreme instances, to treat the instrument as a “black box” and the sample preparation as a repetitive recipe.Clearly, such people benefit mostly from the practical sessions, in direct ratio with their learning capability. There is evidence that some employers are reluctant to “waste the time” of PhD and graduate employees on training in instrument operation. This attitude I think, is unfortunate, for the more ability and understanding that can be derived from the initial training, the higher will be the quality of the work that is subsequently produced.He usually speaks English (though that cannot be guaranteed) but he may come either from a developed or a developing country. In either instance, he will fall into one of the categories just mentioned, but, if he comes from a developing country, subsequent difficulties in maintaining lines of communi- cation or in providing full-scale servicing and other facilities at his site of work may mean that he has to be trained in installation and maintenance as well as in operation. These require- ments are usually provided for separately.Both of these groups are relatively easy to teach. Another possibility is that the trainee may come from abroad.122 TEACHING ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY Proc.Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. There is, however, the personal point that there is a limit to the amount of information such an individual can digest in what is often a relatively short visit to this country. The Training In briefly describing our atomic-absorption courses, I emphasise that they are intended simply to exemplify aspects of training that are important to the intending analyst.These courses start with background information and a theoretical basis that is sufficient to enable the trainee to understand later concepts. Nevertheless, deliberate lack of depth in theoretical treatment should be indicated and simplification should, as it has been aptly expressed, be overt and not covert. The potentialities of atomic absorption are first discussed both on their own merits and in relation to other analytical techniques, some terms and definitions are established and sources of further information given.Then, there is some revision of the origins of atomic spectra, and particular emphasis laid on the significance of both absorption and emission line widths and their relation to the spectral band width of atomic-absorption instruments.Then, dissociation - temperature relationships are discussed for both molecules and atom. This helps later in the understanding of chemical interferences and temperature effects in the atomis- ing source. The absorption laws are also mentioned in this lecture, and the probability of deviation from linearity is also mentioned. The second lecture deals mainly with the atomic-absorption instrument, and the concepts involved in its design.The main topics are: the sample-handling section including gas control, nebulisation and burner design ; the optical system incorporating the primary radiation source ; pre-monochromator, optics monochromator and detector ; and the read-out systems. The effects of stray radiation or radiation that cannot be absorbed are mentioned at this stage and the relation between the effects that occur in the monochromator and the type of electronic circuitry used to adjust for these effects in the calculation of the final result at the output is discussed.The concept of signal to noise ratio is also introduced, and the way it is affected by the modification of certain instrumental parameters is discussed.The third lecture is an introduction to the practical aspects of atomic-absorption spectro- photometry. Calibration, and generalised methods of sample preparation are described. Examples of common (chemical) interference effects are discussed and explained on the basis of foregoing theory. Optimisation of instrumental conditions for the determination of either trace or major metal concentrations is also outlined.Chemical separation procedures are mentioned with respect to the former, and methods of improving instrument stability and reading accuracy are suggested for the latter. At this point, some detailed methods for typical analyses are discussed so that the trainee will see how the principles so far elucidated are put into practice. The physical limi- tations of the instruments are discussed and the trainee is warned of some of the things that can go wrong.Bridging the gap between theory and practice are demonstrations on the operation and care of atomic-absorption instruments. At this point the members of the course tend to concen- trate on one particular instrument, the one they have already installed or are about to install in their own laboratory, though they are free to experiment with any of the instruments avail- able if they so wish.Some people taking the course have told us that at other manufacturers’ courses they have attended, they are expected to move from one type of instrument to another. This may not be what they want to do, they may prefer to spend all the time available on an instrument that is particularly relevant to them, and it should be left to the inclinations of the individual.The first part of the practical work is designed to illustrate and to give the trainee experience of certain of the effects which have previously been discussed, e.g., typical interferences, the effects of different flames and flame temperature, and the effects of altering instrument settings. The remainder of the course is tailored to the particular field of analysis in which the trainee is himself going to work.It may be relevant to mention the role of the programmed approach to the teaching of atomic-absorption spectroscopy. We ourselves do not use it in the formal courses of the type I have described. It does, however, find an extremely useful place in the training of certain Physical interference effects are also described.April, 1975 ROBERT BOYLE ESSAY 123 individuals or small groups of trainees, including those who are not highly proficient in English.Such programmed teaching courses enable students to proceed through the theory at their own pace, particularly when that pace is restricted by difficulties in understanding either the language or the subject matter.Post - training Activities Neither postgraduate courses nor manufacturers’ courses can produce experienced analysts. They can only give enough information to enable trainees to deal intelligently with the prob- lems that they will have to solve in their place of work. The manufacturers’ courses, as we have seen, are likely to be more detailed and more specific with respect to certain instruments and real analytical situations.An interest in individual users’ own problems implies that further contact may well be required after the formal courses. This contact can be provided in many different ways. Common to all, though, is the idea that the user is no longer isolated, that he is part of larger groups where ideas can be exchanged and problems discussed.Although no manufacturer, to my knowledge, has actually formed atomic-absorption users’ groups, such groups are very active indeed in the field of X-ray fluorescence. The Atomic Spectroscopy Group of the SAC was originally started in order to fulfil this purpose, and this is still its primary concern. All reputable manufacturers, however, are willing to discuss their customers’ application problems, and their contact with so many different users often makes them ideal “clearing houses” for all sorts of information and experience that may not have found its way into the scientific journals.Most manufacturers also provide published information, not only performance data and specific techniques for a wide range of analyses, but also scientific papers describing other users’ experiences and research. In this respect I must pay tribute to Perkin-Elmer’s Atomic Absorption Newsletter, which has probably done more than any other, even independent] journal to disseminate original papers on atomic-absorption spectroscopy. Our own journal SCAN also includes original papers on atomic-absorption spectroscopy. There are a number of other activities which instrument manufacturers undertake, or encourage their scientific staff to undertake, e.g., the organisation of analytical colloquia, participation in national and international meetings, publication of scientific papers, and the publication of text-books. All of these activities, like the teaching courses themselves, are directed towards improving the user’s technical capability and therefore increasing his value and usefulness as an analyst and employee, and all help to assure the users as customers that they are dealing, not just with engineering firms supplying optical or mechancial devices, but with instrument manufacturers who are themselves expert users and therefore expert designers of analytical instruments.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9751200119

出版商:RSC    

年代:1975

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

April, 1975 ROBERT BOYLE ESSAY 123 Robert Boyle Essay Award The following is the winning essay submitted for the 1974 Robert Boyle Essay Award. The prize (a scroll plus L50 and a book) will be presented at the Joint Meeting of the Scottish and North East Regions and several Groups on June 19-20th at the University of St. Andrews. A full list of the prize-winners appeared in the March issue of Proceedings (p.103). The Social Importance of Analytical Chemistry Ian C. Hunter Rubislaw Academy (Aberdeen Grammar School), Sksne Street West, Aberdeen, AB9 IHT There is a tendency to assume that the solution of everyday problems is the prerogative of the social worker, the policeman, the politician, of almost everyone, in fact, except the scientist. However, in this paper, I shall endeavour to show that the scientist, and in particular the1 24 ROBERT BOYLE ESSAY PYOC.Analyt. Div. Chm. SOC. analytical chemist, has an integral part to play in the resolution of many of the problems that beset modem life. In general, analytical chemistry helps in the solution of certain problems by providing some scientifically derived quantitative measurements of various phenomena associated with the problem, which, if properly interpreted, are of use in deciding how best the problem should be attacked.This process will become clearer later, when specific examples are considered. I recently led a team in an investigation into the possible effects of certain impurities in drinking water on the prevalence of certain diseases in different areas.My work on this project has meant my having a fairly deep involvement in the world of analytical chemistry. Indeed, I might easily have concerned the whole of this paper with my work on that project; except that I believe it is the duty of every scientist to keep an eye on how his own, essentially limited, contributions relate to the broader sweep of human activity. Therefore, in this paper, I have considered a fairly broad range of ways in which analytical chemistry is being applied towards the improvement of modern life.I shall deal with the importance of analytical chemistry as it relates to everyday life with reference to two of the most important areas of this relationship, namely law enforcement and health and the consumer. Analytical Chemistry and Law Enforcement The law of a community is a code that provides for certain types and standards of behaviour that must be observed for the good of the community.In many instances it is easy to know when a crime has been committed. However, with some of the more sophisticated crimes, it is often necessary to have scientific evaluations and measurements available in order to show that the crime has been committed and to provide clues.This brings us into the realm of forensic science, of which analytical chemistry is the mainstay. One of the main applications of analytical chemistry in law enforcement is in cases of drunken driving. Several problems arise as to what is both a fair and a realistic standpoint for the law to take on drunken driving. It is, I think, unwise to insist that motorists cannot take any alcohol at all while driving, for two reasons.Firstly, there is no incentive to drink only in moderation-“as well be hung for a sheep as a lamb.” Secondly, to expect people to refrain completely from drinking and driving would be impractical. Therefore, we must find some way of determining when a person has been irresponsible in taking too much drink while in charge of a vehicle. Formerly, this determination was carried out by the judgement of a policeman, perhaps using an arbitrary test such as walking along a straight line. How- ever, the hazards in this procedure are that the hardened drinker may be able to fool a policeman into believing that he is fairly sober, when in fact his reactions while motoring are dangerously slow, and that the effect of being stopped and suspected of drunken driving must be very harrowing and a person’s nervousness might easily sway a policeman’s judgement against him.For these reasons, I believe that a limit on the blood alcohol content is the most reasonable and easily enforceable method of restricting the problem, Thus, the fact that analytical chemistry provides us with a means of assessing quantitatively a person’s blood alcohol level enables a difficult problem of legislation to be solved.The problems of stamping-out drug peddling, especially among young people, are very great and these problems must be solved if we are to obviate the risk of having a vastly increasing crime rate such as there is in New York and many other American cities at the moment.For many of the crimes are a result of drug addiction, with addicts carrying out “muggings” in order to obtain money for drugs. The people who are profiting from the sale of drugs are, of course, ready to conceal their activities by disguising drugs as innocuous substances. Against this, the only hope a police force has is to be able to submit samples to a trained analyst who is able to pronounce on their content. This is a typical example of the way in which analytical chemistry can provide a weapon for the police in combatting sophisticated crime.Of course, there are many other instances where analytical chemistry can provide vital evidence, for example, in cases of assault or murder where it might be necessary to identify a certain blood stain, or in a burglary case it might be important to identify a very small piece of some material belonging to the criminal.April, 1975 ROBERT BOYLE ESSAY 125 These are a few outlines of the different ways in which analytical chemistry has a vital role to play in law enforcement.The importance of this role will continue to increase as crimes become more sophisticated and pose bigger threats to the fabric of society.Analytical Chemistry, Health and the Consumer At the moment, despite the trend towards dispersal and decentralisation, most people stay in large urban complexes, mostly eating food from the same sources, drinking the same kind of water and breathing the same air. It follows that any health hazard which is being trans- mitted by one of these three basic essentials of human life is liable to affect hundreds or even thousands of people.It is therefore necessary that each of these potential media for trans- mission of disease be strictly checked and “quality controlled.” Perhaps one of the most frightening cases of mass food-poisoning was that of the town which was built beside one of Japan’s largest chemical factories, where the factory was discharging dangerous amounts of mercury into a large lake.The fish in the lake, which were the main food source for the town, took up the mercury. Subsequently, women in the town began to give birth to deformed babies. However, the cause of the malformations did not become apparent immediately and, although the people had suspicions that the factory was in some way responsible, they could not prove it, and sadly the factory owners denied all responsibility.Thus the situation carried on with increasing numbers of deformed babies being born until the true situation eventually came to light. The point is that there ought to have been some independent team of analytical chemists at work on the food and water supplies who could have identified the mercury hazard long before the problem attained the horrific dimensions that it did.In the absence of teams of “analytical watchdogs” maintaining regular checks on the purity of the food that we eat, it is conceivable that a similar situation could develop in this country. However, the involvement of analytical chemists in food science does not consist solely of the purity aspect. I believe that it is also essential that some kind of check be kept on the nutritional value of the food that we eat, and thennochemical analysis is the only way of doing it.Further, the results that the analysts obtain should be! widely publicised, for example in some “consumer publication” like Which, so that people can avoid nutritionally inadequate brands of food.In these times of economic difficulty, when many family budgets are very stretched, it seems unfair that people should be allowed to buy, unwittingly, food that will do them no good. At the beginning of this section I mentioned that atmospheric pollution could present hazards to health. Obviously this danger is going to be most acute in the large industrial conurbations.The actual hazards presented to health by pollution of the air are very diverse. For example, carbon monoxide from car exhaust fumes destroys the oxygen-carrying ability of blood haemoglobin; lead from exhaust fumes poses the familiar dangers of cumulative, heavy-metal poisons ; sulphur dioxide, which is discharged from many factory chimneys, is harmful to asthmatics and those with bronchial disorders.Once again, analytical chemistry can provide a solution to many of these problems by monitoring levels of atmospheric pollution and thus providing the public with a scientific appraisal of the situation, as well as providing evidence for environmentalists and con- servationist s. The supreme example of severe atmospheric pollution is the Los Angeles conurbation, where the effects of exhaust fumes from vehicles and from industry are so bad that each day air samples are analysed in laboratories and the results broadcast on radio and television as a “daily pollution count,” which warns people to avoid certain areas of the city where the atmospheric pollution is becoming unacceptably bad.Water is essential to human life and each day we all take in large amounts of it by either drinking it as such or by taking it in our food or drinking it in some other form such as soft drinks, beer or spirits.It is because we need so much water each day that even trace amounts of impurities in water can have important and far-reaching effects on our health. For- tunately, however, water analysis is not too complicated and is a fairly popular area of study, so that potential water-borne health hazards are fairly well monitored, and other possible causes of disease in water are being widely looked into.Water is involved in a natural cycle, at many stages of which it is liable to be polluted;126 ROBERT BOYLE ESSAY PYOC. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. starting in the hills, water flows down through streams and rivers where it can be polluted with sewage from hill farms and camp sites and with agricultural fertilisers dissolved in run- off water from fields.The water, perhaps, then reaches the suburbs of a town and may be used as much as six or seven times in different communities, each time being polluted with detergents, before eventually being discharged into the sea.At each stage when the water is purified, it is not possible and often not even desirable to remove all of the impurities. It has been shown, for example, that the presence of calcium and magnesium ions in drinking water has the effect of reducing the number of deaths from coronary disease. There is, therefore, a great need for research groups to investigate, by analytical methods, exactly which factors will be beneficial in the long term.As I stated before, this is the nature of the investigation which the group that I led was involved in. We collected samples of drinking water from all over the country and analysed them for calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium content, as well as recording the pH of each sample and determining the natural radioactivity of the water from each area.The determination of calcium and magnesium is carried out by complexometric titration and that of potassium and sodium by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. We then correlated those results with the mortality statistics for coronary disease, peptic ulcer, leukaemia and breast cancer in each area. This kind of work is fairly representative of the kind of investigations being carried out by many groups of environmental researchers who have discovered the scope that lies in projects which hinge essentially on the ability to make quantitative analyses for various factors.It is worth mentioning that there are no laws concerning levels of impurities in drinking water but only very broad recommendations that are laid down by the World Health Organi- sation.Also, local water boards tend to be a bit hazy about exactly what is in their water. While this state of affairs may not be desirable, it does put the onus on the amateur, that is, non-professional analysts like myself, and makes one’s work more meaningful. In the field of medicine, analytical chemistry has myriad applications. For example, in research, analytical chemistry is of vital importance if the problem consists in isolating the active constituent from a mixture with a view to artificial synthesis of a newer and better drug.Examples are the isolation of insulin from pancreatin and the isolation of thyroxine from thyroid gland tissue. Numerous techniques of analysis are used in everyday medicine, for example, the analysis of blood or urine samples for indications of some diseases are fairly simple and routine and can be carried out effectively by para-medical staff.At a time when the National Health Service is chronically short of doctors, the value of the service provided by these non-medical analysts is increased tremendously by the very fact that they help and relieve some of the pressure that is on the diagnostician.On a more sophisticated level of analysis it is now possible to foretell if a baby will be born with some severe malformation, such as spina bifida, by analysing the amniotic fluid of the expectant mother for certain proteins that are indicative of some congenital illnesses. When such malformations can be identified at an early stage, an operation to terminate the preg- nancy can possibly be carried out.Conclusion A brief survey has been made of the ways in which analytical chemistry is used as an invaluable tool in some main centres of interest. These “centres of interest” do not, of course, encompass the full range of possible uses of analytical chemistry but they do show, in my opinion, many of the ways in which the procedures of analytical chemistry relate to some important everyday problems in life.In addition, I have given some explanations as to why I consider a particular problem to be important and why I believe that the use of analytical techniques is right and proper in shedding light on the problem. Analytical chemistry is still very much a developing science and as it develops we can expect that the benefits that will accrue to the community from it will increase correspon- dingly.The development of the science depends, as I see it, on two main factors. The first is the continuing discovery of newer, more accurate and faster methods of chemical analysis.April, 1975 CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS 127 For example, in my own work on water analysis I was fortunate enough to have the use of an atomic-absorption spectrophotometer to analyse samples for sodium and potassium.This method secures about a 60 per cent. saving of tiine over the conventional techniques of titrimetric analysis, with no accuracy being sacrificed in the process. The second and more important factor on which the advancement of analytical chemistry depends is that of more co-operation between the analytical chemist and others who are working on a particular problem. For example, the setting-up of a body to sponsor and co-ordinate research into certain problems could help to obviate much wasteful duplication of work. I t might, for instance, be able to co-ordinate the work of an analytical chemist, a statistician and a physiologist who were all working on a single problem and looking at it from different angles. Chemical analysis used to be looked upon by many people as an unexciting, repetitive field of work. However, this is surely no longer the case when the science can be shown to be developing rapidly, becoming ever more important and concerned with so many different facets of our everyday lives.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9751200123

出版商:RSC    

年代:1975

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

April, 1975 CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS 127 Conferences and Meetings Inaugural Meeting of the AD South East Region May 21, 1975, London The newly formed South East Region (Chair- man: Mr. C. A. Johnson) will hold its Inaugural Meeting at 6.30 p.m. on Wednesday, May 21st, at The Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1. The meeting will be inaugurated by the President, Dr. G.W. C. Milner, and the In- augural Lecture, “The Chemical Industry and Analytical Chemistry,’ ’ will be delivered by Mr. C. Whalley. Following the meeting, a buffet and wine party will be held in the rooms of the Chemical Society in Burlington House. For further information, contact the Honorary Secretary, Dr. J. Warren, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Cornwall House, Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NQ.The Second Pye Unicam Analytical Con- ference May 20-22, 1975, Stratford-upon-Avon The first day of this conference will consist of a colloquium on inorganic and metallurgical analysis, the second day on environmental analysis and industrial hygiene and the third day on clinical and pharmaceutical analysis. A total of 24 lectures will be presented by acknowledged experts in their own field of analysis.The three Plenary Lectures will be as follows: “Some Retro- and Perspective Aspects of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry,’’ by D. Thor- burn Burns (Loughborough University of Technology) ; “Spectrophotometric Methods for Analysing Particulate Pollutants,” by J. Dodg- son (Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edin- burgh) ; and “Scope and Limitations of Analy- tical Instruments in the Clinical Laboratory,” by S.S. Brown (Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex). Further information can be obtained from Mr. D. A. Gallagher or Mrs. J. P. Hall, Pye Unicam Ltd., York Street, Cambridge, CB1 2PX. Euroanalysis I1 Conference August 25-30, 1975, Budapest At the recent meeting of the FECS Working Party on Analytical Chemistry, the following128 CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS Proc.Analyt. Div. Chern. SOC. further information became available in ad- vance of the second Circular (which will be distributed in April or May). The conference openson Sunday, August 24th, and will last for 6 days. There are to be 11 plenary lectures, about 270 discussion papers on spectrochemistry, electroanalysis, chromato- graphy, etc., and about 100 free communi- cations as preprints to be reviewed during discussion sessions. The plenary lectures (45 min) are as follows: E.Pungor, “Selective Ion-sensitive Elec- trodes. 2. Galus, “Current Trends in Voltammetric Analysis. ” W. Simon, “Instrumental Methods in Organic Analysis .” T. S. West, “Atomic Fluorescence for Chemical Analysis. I ’ D.L. Massart, “Strategies and Criteria for Optimising Analytical Procedures.” E. Ziegler, “What Can we Really do with Computers in Analytical Chemistry ? ” J. K. Huber, “High Pressure Liquid Chro- matography. ” R. Kaiser, “Are There Really New Possi- bilities in Gas Chromatography by New Column Technologies ?” H. R. Oswald, “Thermal Analysis.” E. Pellerin, “Role of Analytical Chemistry in the Research of Metabolism of Medi- caments.” H.Malissa, “Analytical Chemistry in En- vironmental Protection.’ ] The Conference Papers and Preprints for Discussion will be streamed as follows: I Spectroscopy (Atomic and Molecular), cu. 130 papers. I1 Electroanalysis, GU. 100 papers. I11 Chromatography (Liquid and Gas), ca. 70 papers. IV Miscellany: (a) (b) Thermal, ca.30 papers. Radioanalysis, ca. 20 papers. Organic and Pharmaceu- tical Analysis, cu. 30 papers. Kinetic Analysis, ca. 30 papers. Time Limits-Conference Papers : 15 min + 5 min discussion. Preprint discussion : 45 min unconventional discussion. Publications-All conference publications will be in English. The “Conference Abstracts” will contain a 2-page summary of all Conference Papers and Discussion Preprints.this is included in the conference fees. $80 (at conference). Accompanying guests : $35(40) Children under 10 years : free. Accompanying guests may attend the opening ceremony and participate in all social events and ladies programmes. Registration deadline-for pre-paid rates June 30th, 1975. Accommodation-in Hotels and Students Hostels. Excursions-On Wednesday, August 27th, there will be no lectures and two alternative excursions are planned : The cost of Conference Fees-Delegates : $70 (pre-paid) or (a) To Lake Balaton (largest freshwater lake in Western and Central Europe). Visit to Abbey (1 lth Century).Tihany Museum. Lunch at Lake Balaton: Afternoon: wine tasting at typical Hungarian Inn. Start 8 a.m., return 9 p.m. ; $23. (b) Danube Bend Excursion.A scenic trip round the beautiful countryside, towns and villages of the famous Danube bend. Visit to ancient Esztergom : neoclassical cathedral, re- naissance chapel, gold plate, jewellery, vest- ments. Christian Museum (13-15th Century Hungarian and Italian paintings). Visegrad : Excavated and restored remains of King Mathias’ Palace. Dobogoko : alpine holiday resort.Lunch at Sylvanus Hotel overlooking scenic views of the Danube. Start 8.30 a.m., return 7 p.m. ; $12. There are other combined events for dele- gates and accompanying guests, e.g., “Gulyas” party, $10; Budapest by night, $16. The Ladies Programme includes sightseeing tours of the Castle district, performance by Hungarian State dancers, churches, museums, ceramics exhibitions, local townlets.There are three or four free events such as receptions and a visit round Parliament. Visas-The Hungarian Chemical Society will issue a certificate to all delegates which will facilitate obtaining a visa. Papers-Delegates who have not already requested to present a paper before the closing date of March 1st may now have difficulty. Nearly 400 requests have been received. Decisions will be announced concerning oral presentations by April 15th.The number of people who have signified their intention of attending at present consists of 1063 delegates and 276 guests, approxi-ApriL, 1975 CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS 129 mately 220 being from Hungary, 220 from other East European countries and other delegates from as far away as Australia.The information given here is correct within the limits of personal notes taken a t the FECS meeting and a draft second Circular which was tabled a t the meeting. The second Circular should become available in April or May and will be sent to all who have replied to the first Circular. In addition, it is hoped to circulate it with Proceedings as soon as possible. If, however, you wish to ensure that you receive information personally, please request the second Circular directly from Euroanalysis 11, Hungarian Chemical Society, H-1368 Budapest (P.O.B.240), Hungary. T. S. West The Application of New Techniques in Environmental Analysis June 19-20, 1975, St. Andrews, Scotland The scientific programme for this Joint Meeting of several Groups and Regions of the AD will include sessions on the analysis of water, effluents, aerosols and food chains by various techniques. AD members will receive full details in a separate notice with this issue of Proceedings ; non-members can obtain further information from Dr.J. E. Whitley, Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre, East Kilbride, Glasgow, G75 OQU. High Performance Liquid Chromatography September 1-5, 1975, Brighton A residential school, organised by the Chemical Society, will be held a t the University of Sussex from September 1st to 5th, 1975.The programme consists of lectures, seminars and experimental work. Speakers will include J. H. Knox, R. P. W. Scott, J. N. Done, R. E. Majors, A. J. Thomas, N. C. Billingham and H. Guildford. Further details and application forms can be obtained from Miss M.V. Auguste, The Chemi- cal Society, Burlington House, London, W 1V OBN. International Symposium on Liquid Scintillation Counting September 16-19, 1975, Bath The following social programme has been organised as entertainment for delegates and their wives who will be attending the Liquid Scintillation Counting Symposium organised by the Iiadiochemical Methods Group.Tuesday 16th- A full day visit to Berkeley Castle has been arranged. Built in 1117, Berkeley Castle is claimed to be the oldest inhabited Castle in the British Isles. Lunch in the Berkeley Arms will be followed by a visit to the world-famous Wildfowl Trust at Slimbridge. The evening will be spent at a Civic reception at the Pump Room, Bath, and will include a tour of the Roman Baths.Wednesday 17th- A morning tour of the Costume Museum will be followed by a visit to Cheddar Gorge. The return trip will include Wells and wine tasting a t Wooton Vineyards. There will be an evening reception at the University. Thursday 18th- Another full day visit has been arranged to include a tour of Longleat Safari Park and Longleat House.The Symposium Dinner will be held at the Mendip Hotel, Blagdon. Attendance at the Dinner will be free to all registered delegates. Further information and application forms can be obtained from the Secretary, Analytical Division, The Chemical Society, 9/10 Savile Row, London, WlX 1AF. International Symposium on Food Quality and Safety October 20-21, 1975, London This Symposium, entitled “Food Quality and Safety-A Century of Progress,” will be chaired by Lord Zuckerman and will be held a t the Royal Institution, London, on October 20th and 21st, 1975.The purpose of the Symposium is to celebrate the centenary of the first effective United Kingdom legislation controlling the sale of food, and papers will be presented on the contribution made by law, science and industry to food safety and quality over the past century, and on possible future developments.Speakers will include The Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health and Social Security, The Government Chemist, The Chief Scientific Adviser (Food), Ministry of Agri- culture, Fisheries and Food and representatives of the United States’ Food and Drugs Admin- istration, the European Economic Community, the Food and Agriculture Organisation,130 SPECTROSCOPY PRIZE British industry, consumer organisations and Local Authorities in the United Kingdom.Further details and registration forms can be obtained from the Secretary, Food Standards Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Room 424, Great Westminster House, Horseferry Road, London, SWlP 2AE. International Symposium on Microcherni- cal Techniques May 22-27, 1977, Davos, Switzevland This Symposium continues the successful series of similar meetings held in Graz, Birming- ham and the Pennsylvania State University. The organising committee plans to include in the scientific programme the application of microchemical techniques to all disciplines, including trace analysis, environmental studies, clinical and biochemical applications and special problem areas. Suggestions for pro- gramme topics will be welcomed. Programme details and travel arrangements will be announ- ced as they become available. For any immediate information, please contact: Dr. Wolfgang Merz, BASF AG, Untersuchungslaboratorium, WHU, D-700 Ludwigshafen/Rhein, Germany, or Mrs. D. Butterworth, The Butterworth Microanalytical Consultancy, 41 High Street, Teddington, Middlesex. Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD975120127b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1975

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

130 SPECTROSCOPY PRIZE Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. Chemical Society Library The following publications of analytical interest have been added to the Library since the last list appeared in Proceedings (1974, 11, 344). Fifth Conference on Molecular Spectro- scopy, Brighton, 1971. Edited by Peter Hepple. Institute of Petro- leum. 1972. Identification of Organic Compounds with the Aid of Gas Chromatography.R. C. Crippen. McGraw-Hill. 1973. Compilation of Reported F1g NMR Chemi- cal Shifts 1951 to Mid-1967. C. H. Dungan and J . R. Van Wazer. Inter- science. 1970. An Introduction to Liquid Scintillation A. Dyer. Heyden. 1974. An Introduction to X-ray Spectrometry. R. Jenkins. Heyden. 1974. New Developments in Titrimetry. Edited by J. Jordan. Marcel Dekker. 1974. X-ray Diffraction Procedures for Poly- crystalline and Amorphous Materials.Second Edition. H. H. KIug and L. E. Alexander. Wiley-hter- science. 1974. counting.April, 1975 PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED NMR of Paramagnetic Molecules : Prin- ciples and Applications. G. N. La Mar et al. Academic Press. 1973. Gradient Liquid Chromatography. C. Liteanu and S. Gocan. Ellis Horwood. 1974. Analytical Chemistry of Silicon. Trans- lated from the Russian. L. V. Myshlyaeva and V. V. Krasnoshchekov. Israel Program for Scientific Translations. 1974. Official, Standardised and Recommended Methods of Analysis. Second Edition. Edited by N. W. Hanson. Society for Ana- lytical Chemistry. 1973. Thermal Methods of Analysis. Second Edition. W. W. Wendlandt. Wiley-Interscience. 1974. 131

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD975120130b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1975

数据来源: RSC