摘要:

of the Analytical Division ofThe Chemical Society5758596064697171727478CONTENTSSAC Gold MedalAD Distinguished Service AwardCentenary of The AnalystAnalytical Chemistry in JapanSummary of PaperSilver Medal LectureEquipment NewsRank Hilger Spectroscopy PrizeRobert Boyle Essay AwardsConferences and MeetingsPublications ReceivedAnalytical Division DiaryVolume 13 No 3 Pages 57-78 March 197PADSDZ 13(3)57-78(1976)ISSN 0306-1 396March 1976PROCEEDINGSOF THEANALYTICAL DIVISION OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETYOfficers of the Analytical Divisionof the Chemical SocietyPresidentD. W. WilsonHon. SecretaryP. G . W. CobbSecretaryMiss P. E. HutchinsonHon. Treasurer Hon. Assistant SecretariesJ. K. Foreman D. I. Coomber, O.B.E.; D.C. M. Squirrel1Editor, ProceedingsP. C. WestonProceedings is published by The Chemical Society.Editorial: The Director of Publications, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W1 V OBN.Telephone 01 -734 9864. Telex 268001.Subscriptions (non-members): The Chemical Society, Publications Sales Office, Blackhorse Road, Letch-worth, Herts., SG6 IHN.Non-members can only be supplied with Proceedings as part of a combined subscription with The Analystand Analytical Abstracts.0 The Chemical Society 1976Official,Standardised andRecommendedMethods of AnalysisSECOND EDITION (1973)Compiled and Edited forTHE ANALYTICAL METHODS COMMITTEEofbyThe Society for Analytical ChemistryN. W. Hanson, BSc, PhD, FRICISBN 0 85990 704 XPp. xxiv + 897 f17.00; U.S. $42.50Obtainable from The Publications Sales Officer,The Chemical Society, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts., SG6 1 HNMembers of the Chemical Society are entitled to buy one copy fortheir own personal use at the special price of fl4.50 (U.S. $36.50)provided they order direct and enclose remittance

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD97613FX009

出版商:RSC    

年代:1976

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

77 Mavch, 1976 ANALYTICAL DIVISION DIARYAnalytical Division Diary, continuedApril, con tin ue dFriday, 23vd, 9 a.m.-“Trace-element Analysis of Super AlloysUsing Hollow-cathode Emission Spectro-scopy,” by K. ‘Thornton.“Some Spectrochemical Trace Analysis Tech-niques in Use in MQAD,” by J . Moore andR. A. Mostyn.“Monitoring Residual Elements in Steels byAAS,” by M. S. Taylor.“Trace Elements in Ceramics,” by H. Bennett.“Trace Analysis of Geological Materials,” byP. J. Moore.“The Determination of Trace Elements inHigh-purity Glasses and Related MaterialsUsed for the Production of High-qualityFibres,” by C. Fuller.“The Use of X-ray Spectroscopy in the Deter-mination of Air-borne Pollutants,” by s. A.Isherwood.“The Determination of Lead in DeciduousTeeth from Children in the City of Birming-ham, “by A.Townshend.‘The Analysis of Hazardous IndustrialAtmospheres,” by J. G. Firth, H. Jacksonand R. Foster.“Legal Requirements for Analysis of the En-vironment,” by D. G. Swinburn.Ranmoor House, The University, Sheffield.Thursday, 29th, 2.30 pm.: LondonBiological Methods Group on “The Anti-bacterial Activity of Contact Lens Solu-tions.”The Pharmaceutical Society, 17 BloomsburySquare, London, W.C. 1.Intensive CourseonAtomic-absorption SpectrometryMay 25th and 2 6 t h 1976, GlasgovwThe course will start from basic principles but will also providea review of recent developments in atomic-absorption spectro-metry. The emphasis will be on industrial applications andparticipants will be encouraged to bring their own samplesand/or analytical problems. Leading manufacturers willprovide their latest instruments and accessories for the demon-stration sessions.The course is organised by the ScottishRegion of the Analytical Division of the Chemical Society andwill be held at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow.Further details can be obtained from Dr. J. M. Ottaway,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University ofStrathclyde, Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G I I XLAnalytical Division DiaryMARCHWednesday, 24th, 6.30 p.m. : LondonMicvochemical Methods Gvoup .Discussion on “Some Snags in the Deter-mination of Boron,” to be introduced byD. A. Pantony.Savoy Tavern, Savoy Street, London, W.C.2.Thursday and Friday, 25th and 26th:CanterburySouth East Region on “The Role of the Analyti-cal Chemist in the Protection of Society.”Thursday, 25th, 10 a.m.-Plenary Lecture by J.K. Foreman.“Applications of MECA to the Determinationof Compounds of Environmental Interest, ”by A. Townshend.Criteria and their Relation to AnalyticalMethodology,” by J . W. R. Dutton.“Electron Spectroscopy-What It Can Do,”by D. Betteridge.“Continuous Electrochemical Sensors for On-line Monitoring of Effluents,” by B. Fleet.“High-performance Liquid Chromatographyin the Pharmaceutical Industry,” by F.Bailey.“The Testing of High-alumina Cement Con-crete by Thermal Analysis,” by C. J.Keattch.“Applications of Carbon Furnace Atomic-absorption Spectrometry in EnvironmentalAnalysis,” by J .M. Ottaway.“Radioactivity-Environmental ProtectionFviday, 26th, 9.30 a.m.-“Oil Pollution-Analysis and Source Identifi-cation,” by G. G. Jenkinson.“Analytical Techniques in the Control ofAsbestos Dusts,” by J . L. Jarvis and A. A.Hodgson.“Trace Organic Compounds in Sewage Efflu-ents : Current Analytical Problems,” by J .Gardner.“Packed-tube Trapping-A Technique for theAnalysis of Traces of Vaporised Pesticides, ”by A. P. Woodbridge.“Methods for the Determination of VinylChloride Monomer in Various Media,” byJ . T. Davies.“Detection and Measurement of FlammableGases,” by J. G. Firth.“The Importance of Being Practical-WithReference to the Work of the AnalyticalMethods Sub-committee,” by L.E. Coles.Physics Building, University of Kent, Canter-bury.APRILThursday, lst, 2.15 p.m. : ManchesterPavticle Size Analysis Gvoup on “Single-particle Characteristics.”“Particle Counting, Sizing and Cell Character- 1ising Using the Cytograph and Cytofluoro-graph,” by E. W. Meyer.“Single-particle Characterisation by OpticalMicroscopy and Associated Techniques,” byH. J . Scullion.“Particle Shape and Structure from ElectronMicroscopy,” by J . M. Creasy.“Particle Structure as Determined by GasAdsorption and Other Techniques,” byR. Wilson.Ciba-Geigy (UK) Ltd., Simonsway, HealdGreen, Manchester.Monday to Friday, 5th to 9th: GlasgowC S Awnual Cowgvess. Tuesday to Thursday,6th to 8th: Analytical Division Symposia.Fifth Theophilus Redwood Lecture : “TheElements of Organic Analysis,” by Profes-sor R.Belcher.Symposia on “Developments in AnalyticalAtomic Spectrometry” and “Analysis in theEnergy Industries.”For details of the Congress, see the Februaryissue of Chemistvy i n Bvitain, 1976, 12, 62.Thursday, Sth, 3 p.m.: LondonE lectroanalytical Gvoup.“Ion-selective Field-effect Transistors,” byKing’s College, Strand, Lon- G. Janata.don, W.C.2.Thursday and Friday, 22nd and 23rd:SheffieldAtomic Spectvoscopy Gvoup, jointly with theModern Methods of Analysis Group of theSheffield Metallurgical and EngineeringSociety and the Spectroscopy Group of theInstitute of Physics, on “Detection Limitsand Trace Analysis.”Thuvsday, 22nd, 2.15 p.m.-Round Table on “Detection Limits.”Speakers: R. A. Mostyn, R. Smith, P.Hurley, L. Ebdon and J. Moore.“The Accuracy of Analytical Results : Inter-laboratory Studies in Trace Analysis,” byA. L. Wilson.“The Preparation and Certification of Analy-tical Reference Materials,” by P. D.Ridsdale.“How Clean is Clean?” by J. F. Woolley.Printed by Heffers Printers Ltd Cambridge Englan

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD97613BX011

出版商:RSC    

年代:1976

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

H Proceedings of the Analytical Division of the Chemical Society Society for Analytical Chemistry Gold Medal As announced in the January issue of Proceedings (p.1), the eleventh Society for Analytical Chemistry Gold Medal has been awarded to Professor Edmund Bishop. Of Doncaster origin, Edmund Bishop was edu- cated in Glasgow at Allan Glen’s School, finishing as Dux, principal Prizeman and Uni- versity Scholar.With the aid of further scholarships and prizes he gained Firsts in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at the University of Glasgow and a t the Royal College (now the University of Strathclyde) took an Associateship in Applied Chemistry. Later, he was awarded the Degree of DSc by Glasgow Uni- versity. After a short spell in a Public Analyst’s Laboratory, he spent the war years in the Explosives Directorate of the Armaments Research Department, engaged in both pure research and field work.Invalided out in 1944, he became an Assistant Lecturer in the Uni- versity of Strathclyde, where, under the inspiration of the late Archie Crawford, his research interests turned entirely to analytical chemistry and he began work on oxidation- reduction theory, titrimetry and indicators.In 1946 he moved to a Lectureship in the Uni- versity of Newcastle upon Tyne, inheriting Briscoe’s balances and developing a deep in- terest in high-precision analytical processes. Borrowing and building equipment he devel- oped courses, first started in a primitive way a t Strathclyde, in analytical instrumentation, which he is still running with sophisticated modern equipment mixed with the home-made.An early interest in electronics was enlarged by the availability of ex-service equipment into both communications and instrumentation re- search, including theoretical and experimental radio-frequency titrimetry. Interests in poten- tiometry, induced reactions and reaction mech- anisms continued to grow. Until 1953-54, with a heavy teaching load, large classes and no assistance, work was confined largely to stolen hours of the night and weekends, and publications were few.Professor E. Bishop In 1953 he moved to a Lectureship in the University of Exeter and enjoyed a couple of years encouragement from the late H. T. S. Britton, acquiring his first postgraduate student. At Exeter, he was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1961, to a Readership in 1968 and finally in 1974 to a Personal Chair in Analytical Chemi- stry.Regular work at the bench continued until about 1961 when the disease of adminis- tration overtook him, but by that time his research school had become well established. He still delights in snatching a few hours a t the bench, seeing for himself, and ensuring that old skills do not rust.But his main contribution to the work of the team has long 5758 ANALYTICAL DIVISIOK DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. Soc. been theoretical, the matheni atical rationali- sstion of analytical processes, and this is mostly a running battle with computers although his slidc rule still gets some exercise. Microanalysis and tracc analysis crop up frequently.Electrornctric methods, parti- cularly differcntial electrolytic potentiometry in its various forms, kinetics and mechanisms of electrode processes, and high-precision coulomctry have formed a substantial pro- gramme. Iiivcstigations of titrimetric rea- gents, reactions and indicators with increasing emphasis on kinetics and mechanisms have formed another.Kinetic and mechanistic cxamination of a wide variety of analytically and industrially important reactions is ex- panding and reflects Bishop’s dissatisfaction with knowing merely how, he must discover why as \%ell. Atomic spectroscopy, magnetic resonance, chromatography arid mass spectro- metry are all involved in current projects. He has published three hooks and hopes in the next ten years to dodge enough administration to increase substantially the present number of 140 papers, and at the last to get back t o the bench.Professor Bishop is currently a member of the AD Council and was a member of the SAC Council at various times during the period from 1959-1972. He has been a member of the SAC since 1948 and his numerous activities for the Society have included the Chairmanship of several committees : the Microchemical Reagents and Standards Committec (1958-69) ; the XMC Fluorine Panel (1963-65); and the AMC Phosphorus Panel (1967-68).He is a t present the Chairman of the Joint Panel on Organic Microchemical Staiidards a n d Reagents, the Analytical Standards Committee a n d the Compleximetric Standards Committee. Also, during 1970-73 he served on the Committee for the ainalgarnation of the SAC with the Chemical Society.Bishop is involved in a great variety of u.ork for national and international organisations, such as the British Standards Institution, for uhich he serves on a number of committees, being Chairman of CIC/m-/ 1 Reagents, In- ternational He has lcd the British delegation to the International Organisat ion for Standardisa- tion and is a member oi the TC/47/LVG16 Work- ing Group on Laboratory Reagents (now SC3) and the TC/47 Plenary Technical Committee, Chemicals.Icurther, he has been a member of the Analytical Chemistry Division of the Inter- national Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry aid Chairman of a subcommission on titrirnetric standards since 1960. Joining Commission V-5 on Electroanslytical Chemistry in 1966, he be- came a titular inember of this Commission in 1969.Last year h e became a Kstional Repre- sentative on Commission V-1 on Analytical Ke- actions and Keagents. Finally, since 1965 Bishop has scrvcd on the Itoyal Society British Xational Committee for Chetnistry, -4nalytical Division. Bishop has been a member of The Analyst Editorial Board since 1969 and was an editorial adviser to Analytica Chivnicn Acta and Talanta. Professor Bishop is married, with an adult family, and finds that he lacks the time for the considerable number of activities that he pursued in social and youth work, and for the lay preaching that he formerly undertook. His inain relaxants are music ancl photography, his remaining exercise being swimming.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9761300057

出版商:RSC    

年代:1976

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

58 ANALYTICAL DIVISIOK DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. Soc. Analytical Division Distinguished Service Award Dr. Arthur James -4mos, OBE, has been awarded the first Distinguished Service Award of the CS Analvtical Division in recognition of liis outstanding service to the Society for ,Analytical Chemistry and the CS Analytical Division during a period of over 26 years. A inember of the SAC since 1935, Dr.-Amos was elected t o his first office in 1947, when he became Chairman of the Biological Methods Group. He served in this capacity until 1949, and in 1951 he became a Mcrnber of Council, remaining on Council almost continuously for 25 years either a5 a Member or an Honorary Officer. Dr. Amos was a Vice-President in 1953-54, and in the pcriocl 1957-60 he undertook the onerous duties of Honorary Treasurer.In 1961-62 he was Chairman of The Analysl De- velopment Committee, which recommended various changes to the format of the journal. In 1961-62, Dr. ,%mas was President of the SAC, and many members will recall the out- standing way in which he carried out his duties in this period. He served on the Finance Committee, as a member or as Chairman, for many years.He was deeply involved in tlic early negotiations on the amalgamation between the SAC and the*%!arch, 1976 CENTENARY OF THE ANALYST 59 CS and his advice on financial matters in these negotiations was invaluablc. College of Food Technology. In 1958-60 he served as Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Pure Food Centenary, and he was a member of the Chemical Council in 1959-63 and of the EiIC Council in 1966-68.Dr. Amos is currently a Senior Partner of D. W. Kent- Jones and A. J . Amos, a consulting practice covering foods and pharmaceuticals, which was started in 1934. He is thc joint author oi the book “Modern Cereal Chemistry,” now in its sixth edition. Finally, Dr. Amos is a Freeman of the City of London and a Iiveryman of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London.In recent years, probably his most important contribution t o the Society was his Chairman- ship of the Centenary Committee, which was responsible for the planning and organisation of the Centenary Cclcbrations of the SL4C in July, 1974. The great success and smooth running of these Celebrations was due in no small part to the guidance of Dr. Amos ancl his Committee.Since that time his long involvement with the Society has continued, and hc is presently the Chairman of the Analytical Methods Trust. The Distinguished Service Award is con- ferred for exceptional service to the AD and SAC, ancl thcrc is no doubt that Dr. Amos is a worthy recipient of the first Award. I n addition, it is appropriate to mention briefly his many other activities and positions connec- ted with analytical chemistry, food science and related fields. I n 1951-53 he was President of the Chemical Club. His first Honorary Treasurership was in 1951-55, for the Micro- biology Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, and subsequently for the Nutrition Society (1952-57) and the UK Council for Food Science ancl Technology (1963 t o date). I n 1954-56 he was Chairman of the Food Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, and in 1956-63 he was a Governor of the National

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9761300058

出版商:RSC    

年代:1976

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

CENTENARY OF THE ANALYST 59 Centenary of The Analyst Tlze 4 m l y s t , .vvhich first bcgan publication in March, 187G, celebrates its Centenary this month. The occasion is marked by the in- clusion in the March issue of an Editorial by Dr. I;. A. Robinson, President of The Chemical Society, and an article by Dr. G. I V . C. Milner, President of the Analytical Division, which traces the history of the journal through 100 years.In addition, extracts from the first issue are reproduced in their original form, including the title page and an introduction that sets out the original aims of the journal. A smaller version of the title page is shown here.60 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Readers may not be aware that Pvoceedings was also first published in 1876, as Pvoceedings of the Society of Public Analysts.The first General Meeting of the new Society was held on February 5th, 1875, and until the end of that year its Proceedings were published in Chemical News under an arrangement with Sir William Crookes, the Editor and Proprietor. That arrangement, however, was terminated early in 1876, and the Council of the Society resolved to publish its own journal, The Analyst making I N JAPAN PYOC.Amalyt. Div. Cherm. SOC. its first appearance in March. It was also resolved to collect all of the relevant material that had appeared in Chemical News during 1875 and to reprint it in 1876 in a single volume as Volume I of Pvoceedings. This book, distributed free to members and priced a t 2s. 6d. to non-members is now very rare. The title page is reproduced opposite.Subsequently, the Proceedings of the Society were incorporated in The Analyst and, although certain material was published separately in the Bulletin of the Society f o v Analytical Chem- istvy between 1951 and 1963, the affairs of the Society were not collated into a single publication until Pvoceedings of the Society fov Analytical Chemistvy, now Pvoceedings of the Analytical Division of the Chemical Society, was inaugurated in January, 1964.The fascinating history of the Society and its journals can, of course, be found in great detail in “The ‘Practising Chemists’-A History of the Society for Analytical Chemistry, 1874-1974,” by R. C. Chirnside and J. H. Hamence, which is still available a t fl3 (CS Members L2.50). Also of great interest and providing a valuable and often amusing insight into the early days of analytical chemistry and those who practised it are the early volumes of The Analyst.To mark the Centcnary of the journal, we are offering facsimile reproductions of the text of Volumes I to X of The Analyst, each bound separately in hard covers with lettered spines. They can be purchased either separately or as a complete set, at L2.50 per volume or L20 the set of ten volumes. These publications are available from the Publications Sales Officer, The Chemical Society, Blackhorse Road, Letch- worth, Herts, HG6 1HN.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9761300059

出版商:RSC    

年代:1976

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

60 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY I N JAPAN PYOC. Amalyt. Div. Cherm. SOC. Analytical Chemistry in Japan Kazuo Saito-Regional Advisory Editor of The Analyst Department qf Chemistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Historical View Systematic studies of modern chemistry were initiated in Japan in 1837, when YBan Udagawa translated W. Henry’s “Elements of Experi- mental Chemistry” into Japanese from the Dutch edition.However, commencement of the study and teaching of chemistry nationwide had to wait for 30 years until the Meiji res- toration. The Government of Japan made every effort to introduce the fruits of modern societies and the exertion produced con- siderable success. Attempts to progress were too impetuous, however, and various problems were brought about in the “modernised” Japan.After the restoration in 1866, the Government invited many specialists from various countries in Europe and North America, with the aim of absorbing the results of development in the natural and social sciences and in industry.ikfavch, 1976 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY I N JAPAN 61 In 1868 the Mint Agency was opened in Osaka, and chemical analysis was brought into Japan by a Dutch chemist, K.W. Gratama. Among the many scientists invited, two professors of chemistry, I<. W. Atkinson and E. Divers, should be mentioned. They came to Japan from Britain in the early 1870s and helped the Government in the establishment of modern university systems and chemistry schools. The Chemical Society of Japan was organised in 1878 and the first issue of the Journal of the Chemical Society of Japan was printed in the Japanese language in 1880.Atkinson and Divers published original papers in Japanese translation in this issue and thus demonstrated the importance of original research work. Also at this time the Government sent many young men to various countries. In 1877, J6ji Sakurai was sent to University College, London, to study chemistry under the direction of Professor A.W. Williamson. He returned to Japan in 1882 and later became the first Japanese Professor of Chemistry in the Faculty of Science of the Tokyo Imperial University. This University was established in 1870 and in 1886 became the first systematic university in Japan, with six Faculties; Literature, Law, Science, Medicine, Engineering and Agriculture.The last four Faculties had Departments of Chemistry, Pharmacy, Industrial Chemistry and Agricultural Chemistry, respectively. In the twentieth century more Imperial Uni- versities were opened and technical colleges were added. The first Chair of Analytical Chemistry was opened in 1918 at Tohoku Imperial University. Unlike the situation in British universities, faculties in Japan were (and still are) indepen- dent organisations.Although they shared the campus and common facilities (e.g., the library) they developed separately and had their own academic staff for teaching individual subjects. Thus, a large university might have a professor of analytical chemistry in the faculty of science, a professor of industrial chemical analysis in the faculty of engineering and a professor of pharmaceutical analytical chemistry in the faculty of pharmacy.Analytical chemistry was regarded as one of the most important branches of chemistry, and lectures and practical courses were compulsory for students in the faculties of universities and also in technical colleges and technical high schools. In a chemistry depart- ment in a faculty of science, four chairs, physical, organic, inorganic and analytical chemistry, are the minimum requirement.Such a method of development may seem unusual to chemists in those countries that have experienced “gradual” development of natural science, but could be reckoned as the fate of backward nations. To make good the delay as quickly as possible, the simplest method is to introduce whatever is needed, even desultorily.Progress in a certain field in industry required a faculty of related disciplines. For instance, the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, which was influenced to a large extent by the German Landwirt- schaft, contributed much to the development of the fermentation industry and the pro- duction of agricultural chemicals, food and feed- stuffs.The Department was concerned with the chemical analysis of micro-amounts of organic compounds in the products and crops, and needed different specialists of analytical chemistry from those in, say, the Department of Metallurgy. As a result of such individual developments, papers on analytical chemistry were published in various periodicals, e.g., the Journals of the Chemical Society of Japan (established in 1948 by amalgamation of the former Chemical Society of Japan and the Society of Chemical Industry of Japan), the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, the L4gricultural Chemical Society of Japan and the Japan Institute of Metals, in the Japanese language.The first three societies also publish periodicals written in European languages, and which include papers on analyti- cal chemistry.It had long been thought that such an estrangement between laboratories of analytical cl mistry was disadvantageous to the true de- velopment of this field of science. After the Se-qnd rld War, such an understanding becarn )mmon among analytical chemists. Foundslion of a new learned society, the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry, was planned and realised in 1952.The initial 3000 Fellows included those coming from various fields of analytical chemistry. The periodical Japan Analyst, written in Japanese, was first issued 4 times a year, but has been published monthly since 1956. In 1974, 167 original papers were printed in this journal, together with 40 reviews and instruc:: ive articles and 39 experimental notes.In 1975 it was divided into two parts: one , Bunsek i Kagaku (Analytical Chemistry), a collection of original papers; and the other, Bunseki (Analysis), containing reviews, in- structive articles, business news and titles of papers on analytical chemistry appearing in authorised periodicals throughout the world. Periodicals of the other learned societies men- tioned above still contain papers on analytical chemistry, but the number is decreasing.Too much emphasis ,nay have been laid on the62 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY IN JAPAN Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. Soc members. Public research institutes are sup- ported either by the central or the local govern- ment. I a - g e industrial companies in Japan have their own “central research institutes” and few are supported by trade associations and guilds.Some benevolent foundations and trusts havc research institutes, but the numbers are small. “Private research institutes,” in Table I, includc such organisations. The Agency of Industrial Science and Tech- nology in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI, TsO-san-sho) has research institutes for mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, chemical industry, natural re- sources and textile industry in Tokyo, and some comprehensive research institutes in other cities.Among them, the Government Chemical Industrial Research Institute, Tokyo, is a large organisation with about 250 qualified chemists, and its two Divisions, Chemical and Instrumental Analysis, are reckoned as the Centre of Analytical Chemistry.(The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry has its office in that Institute). Almost all the Govern- ment organisations have functioned as mediators or referees whenever selling and buying have been involved in trouble related to the results of the chemical analysis of commodities. Local governments also have research ins- titutes, which look after smaller local enter- prises.The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry has many experimcntal stations of agriculture, forestry, fishery, sericulture, food, feedstuffs and agricultural chemicals. These stations carry out fundamental and applied researches, but are also responsible for statutory analysis. The Ministry of Welfare has large institutes, the National Institute for Hygienic Sciences, the Institute of Public Health and the National Institute for Health, and they are responsible for the analysis of medicines and environmental samples such as atmospheric samples and water.On the other hand, the examination and control of waste water from chemical industry are dealt with by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. Such a split state of administration may be related t o the method of development of modern administration in the past, but has caused a great deal of comment by the public.The Government has set sail for drastic reform in the next few years. Most of the routine work of chemical analysis related to environmental problems (e.g., analysis of poisonous substances in the atmos- phere and natural waters, and of residual agricultural chemicals in crops) has been de- volved to local governments.They are re- history of analytical chemistry in Japan, rather than on chemical analysis. Practical chemical analysis in factories and other places began in the 1870s. Japanese technicians were trained by invited technicians from various countries. In the early days they were apt to look upon analytical chemistry as something difficult and prestigious rather than as a useful method of improving industrial chemical techniques.As industries developed in the twentieth century, more trained chemists began to join them, and leadership in chemical analysis was gradually entrusted t o specialist analytical chemists after 1930. Nevertheless, until recently, analytical chemists had seldom been reckoned as central engineers, even in chemical and metal industries.Their highest achievement would have been to become Head of the Analytical Section or a t most the Vice- Director of the Division of Engineering. I t should be stated that the professional status of analysts was rather low in Japan. No pro- fessional organisation such as the Association of Official Analytical Chemists has ever existed. Neither has the position of Official Analyst been established.Recent Trends In the last two decades the importance and leadership of chemical analysis have been widely recognised in many industries. Re- sults of chemical analyses are no longer thought of as something with which to increase the respectability of products, but as important in- formation on which the whole system in factories is based.Rapid methods of instrumental analysis have enabled the result of an analysis to be obtaincd before the sample reaches the subsequent stage of processing. Not only in industry but also in environmental problems the importance of chemical analysis is being more widely understood. Everyone is concerned about the amount of sulphur dioxide, the nitro- gen oxides and carbon monoxide in the atmos- phere.Analysts are expected to derive infor- mation as precisely, accurately and quickly as possible from the analysis of the sample and to display the results swiftly on the sign boards in control rooms of factories and at corners of busy streets. Similar trends might be seen in de- veloping as well as in many industrialised countries.The status of analysts is improving remarkably and their responsibility is increasing. Table I indicates the posts and specialities of the Fellows of the Japan Society for Analy- tical Chemistry in 1972 and 1975. The Society has no associate and student membership, and the figures include both senior and juniorMarch, 1976 63 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY I N JAPAN TABLE I TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT OF THE FELLOWS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY* Place of employment Universities Other schools Public research institutes Private research institutes Science 300 307 (23) (23) 135 122 29 94 (11) (9) Engineering 49 1 510 94 109 394 375 20 19 (38) (37) (34) (27) Agriculture 105 104 (8) ( 8 ) I Medicine? General: 284 121 120 307 122 117 443 72 82 686 49 18 125 21 ( 9) (22) (23) (9) (6) (38) (49) (6) Totals 7 A- Percentage of grand Sub-total total 1301 22.7 1358 22.4 216 3.8 216 3.6 1167 20.3 1406 23.1 131 2.3 278 4.6 r Industries Factories Central research institutes Others Law71 287 1 2761 43 56 1179 1230 50.1 45.4 0.8 0.9 * The numbers given are for 1972 (upper lines) and 1975 (lower lines).7 Medicine includes pharmaceutical and hygienic.$ General includes small numbers of those whose specialities are not certain. S In parentheses the percentage of each sub-total is given; the percentage of the grand total is given on the basis of a total personal membership of 5729 in 1972 and 6075 in 1975. 71 Industrial firms, public and private research institutes and libraries. (This number is not included in the grand total.) cruiting many analytical chemists in experi- mental stations and control centres.In 1972 the Prime Minister’s Office established the Environment Agency, which is expected to superintend the problems related to many bureaus and departments of the government organisation. Further, a new status, the Registered Environment Examiner, was adop- ted and the first examination for the qualifi- cation was held in October 1975.Most of the Examiners will work in local government organisations and private enterprises; it is also expected that they will open private offices in order to check and authorise the results of environmental chemical analysis (and also noise levels in urban areas) for industry by contract. This is the first official analyst system ever introduced into Japan.Japanese society still maintains a centralised administration, which was developed in order to rectify the delay in modernisation. However, in recent decades it has become commonly understood that increased national production does not necessarily bring about a happy life, and the importance of a clean environment and the security of a quiet life have been recognised. The usefulness of analytical chemistry for solving such problems has not yet been realised by ordinary people, and needs to be emphasised more than ever.Since analytical chemists in Japan have been deeply involved in the pro- blems that individual industries have faced, it can be expected that the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry will take advantage of64 SILVER MEDAL LECTURE PYOC.AnaZyt. Div. Chem. SOC. the amalgamation and contribute to the development of analytical chemistry. A large number of papers on analytical chemistry are printed in Japan every year, and not a few papers by Japanese chemists have been published in foreign periodicals. How- ever, from the viewpoint of originality not all of them can be ranked high, although the number of good papers secms to be increasing. After the Second World War many Japanese chemists visited foreign countries ; particularly many young men havc spent post-doctoral periods overseas. A number of distinguished analytical chemists have visited us, too; in 1972, especially, the International Congress of Analytical Chemistry was held in Kyoto and we enjoyed the company of many overseas par- ticipants, Such international co-operation has had remarkable influence and has given in- valuable stimulation to Japanese chemists. Future development of analytical chemistry in Japan can be expected through such inter- national interactions. There is a proverb in the East: “Virtue cannot be alone.” Thanks are due to Professor Tsugio Takeuchi, Nagoya University, former President of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry, for help given in the preparation of this article. The data in the table were kindly provided by Mr. Iwao Takahashi, Staff Secretary of the Society, to whom thanks are also due.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9761300060

出版商:RSC    

年代:1976

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

64 SILVER MEDAL LECTURE PYOC. AfiaZyt. Div. Chem. SOC. Silver Medal Lecture The following is the Silver Medal lecture delivered by Dr. A. Townshend, the third SAC Silver Medallist, at an Ordinary Meeting of the Division held on October lst, 1975, and reported in the November issue of Proceedings (p. 283). Analytical Applications of Some Unusual Molecules Alan Townshend Chemistry Department, Bivvningham University, P.O.Box 363, Birmingham, B 15 2TT One of the important functions of an academic research department in analytical chemistry is to explore less familiar niches of chemistry and to evaluate analytical applications that might arise from these investigations. This paper gives an account of five such areas of exploration, involving the formation or use of unusual molecules, in which the author has been involved.Masking of Periodate Ions The formation of the unusual heteropoly anion 6-molybdoperiodate, I(MoO,),~-, from its constituent ions has been known for some time,l but only recently has it found analytical use. Burne12 found that the reaction occurred readily in slightly acidic aqueous solutions, and that the bound periodate no longer reacted with iodide.Iodate, however, still reacted with iodide in the presence of molybdate, and thus could be determined iodimetrically in the presence of periodate. Periodate could be determined sequentially by demasking with ~ x a l a t e . ~ This masking action has several interesting consequences. Previous determina- tions using the Malaprade reaction, the oxidation of vic-hydroxy and similar compounds by periodate ions, usually involved the use of a large excess of periodate in order to achieve complete oxidation in a reasonable time.The determination then required the direct measurement of the relatively small amount of periodate consumed, or of one of the organic reaction products. Molybdate masking allows the iodate formed to be determined titri- metrically or spectrophotometrically.4 The spectrophotometric procedure is readily auto- mated.5 This reaction can also be made the basis of a spot test for sub-microgram amounts of vic-dihydroxy compounds such as glucose and tartaric acid.6 Other compounds, such as hydrazine,' that reduce periodate to iodate can be determined as above.Iodide reacts with periodate to form iodate (equation 1).After masking the excess of periodate, more iodide is added to react with the iodate formed (equation 2), thus releasinghfavch, 1976 SILVER MEDAL LECTURE 65 12 iodine molecules for each original iodide ion, and allowing microgram amounts of iodide to be determined titrimetrically* or spectrophotometrically.9 310,- + I- -+ 410,- .. .. .. * . (1) 410,- + 201- + 24H+ --f 121, + 12H,O .. .. * - (2) Manganese(I1) ions are oxidised by periodate to permanganate (equation 3). After masking the excess of periodate, the permanganate and iodate are reduced by adding iodide (equations 4 and 5). Twenty molecules of iodine are released for each two original manganese(I1) ions, allowing microgram amounts of manganese to be titrated iodimetrically.1° 2Mn2+ + 510,- + 3H20 -+ 2Mn0,- + 510,- + 6H+ .. - (3) - (4) 510,- + 251- + 30H+ --f 151, + 15H,O . . .. ' (5) 2Mn0,- + 101- + 16H+ -+ 51, + 2Mn2+ + 8H,O . . Determination of Hafnium in the Presence of Zirconium Because of their very great chemical similarity, the determination of hafnium in the presence of large amounts of zirconium has always been difficult.ll It has recently been shown, however, that quercetin forms a complex with hafnium that is intensely fluorescent in 58% perchloric acid, whereas the zirconium complex does not fluoresce at this acidity.12 This effect enables down to 1% of hafnium to be determined fluorimetrically in zirconium samples. Almost no other ions interfere.The unexpected difference in behaviour of the hafnium and zirconium complexes was ascribed to the greater basicity of the excited hafnium complex, which allowed it to become protonated under conditions in which the excited zirconium chelate is dissociated.The use of a spectrofluorimeter decreases this limit to O.2y0.I3 Molecular Complexes The complexes formed by metal ions are well known and are widely used in analytical processes. The complexes that can be formed between two molecules, however, the so- called molecular or charge-transfer complexes,l4 are much less well known, and find little intentional analytical use.15 The use of molecular complexes for spectrophotometric determinations can have several advantages, especially because of their very rapid formation, selectivity and, sometimes, their high molar absorptivity.New analytical methods based on molecular-complex formation which have recently been described are the specific determination of microgram amounts of sulphur dioxide by complexation with o-xylene,16 the determination of amounts of oxygen above 1 yo in gases by reversible complexation with dimethylaniline,17 the deter- mination of microgram amounts of amino-acids18 and amineslg using chloranil, and of vitamin A using iodine.20 Enzymes Enzymes are very complicated molecules, but their use in the determination of organic and inorganic substances is commonplace.I t is possible, however, to use enzymes in other ways for analytical purposes.21 Firstly, some enzymes strongly bind a restricted range of inorganic ions with the result that their activity is decreased. Such inhibitors may therefore be determined very sensitively by measuring the change in rate of an appropriate enzyme- catalysed reaction on adding the inhibitor.As little as 1 pg ml-l of silver or mercury can be determined on the basis of its inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase,22 for example. Many other enzymes are inhibited by silver and mercury because they bind strongly with sulphydryl groups, but the sensitivity depends on the particular enzyrne.,l Organic compounds also inhibit enzymes, and many very sensitive procedures for the detection and determination of pesticides are based on enzyme inhibition (see, for example, reference 23).Likewise, many drugs inhibit enzymes, and a thin-layer chromatographic procedure for identifying mixtures containing iproniazid, pargyline, isocarboxazide, etc., is based on their inhibition of monoamine oxidase.,, Recent work has shown that drugs of66 SILVER MEDAL LECTURE R o c .Analyt. Div. Chew. SOC. abuse, including LSD, and Ag-tetrahydrocannabinol, sensitively inhibit many enzymes, and that nanogram amounts can be determined by using acetyl~holinesterase~~ or glutamate d e h y d r ~ g e n a s e . ~ ~ , ~ ~ The technique can also be extended to drugs separated on thin-layer chromatographic plates.27 Alltaline phosphatase, for example, contains zinc ions, the removal of which inactivates the enzyme. The zinc ions are readily removed by EDTA, leaving an apo-enzyme, the activity of which can be regenera- ted when the apo-enzyme is added to a zinc solution.Measurement of the amount of re- generated activity enables trace amounts of zinc to be detected28 or determined.29 Very few other ions have an activating effect. In a similar way, nanogram amounts of copper can be almost specifically determined by their activation of apo-polyphenol o x i d a ~ e . ~ ~ The prepara- tion, handling and stability of apo-enzymes is improved by “insolubilising” the original enzyme by chemically binding it to a polyacrylamide support.30 Such treatment allows the apo-enzyme to be exposed to a large volume of sample, so as to scavenge concentrations of copper as low as A similar approach to scavenging and determining inhibiting ions using insolubilised urease is being i n ~ e s t i g a t e d . ~ ~ Metal ions are an essential component of many enzyme molecules.p.p.m. Molecular Emission Cavity Analysis ( When sulphur- or phosphorus-containing compounds are aspirated into a hydrogen diffusion flame, they give characteristic blue and green band emissions, respectively, as a result of the formation of simple, but unusual, excited S, and HPO molecules in the flame. Such emissions provide the basis for fairly sensitive determinations of sulphur and phosphorus compounds, and for the flame-photometric gas-chromatographic detector for such compounds.Time/s Fig. 1 . MECA S , response ob- tained from a mixturc containing 10 p.p.m. of S2-, 10 p.p.m. of SCW and 20 p.p.m. of SOg2-inaphosphate buffer solution (pH 7 ) . “ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Time/min Fig. 2. MECA response a t 400 nni of As (10 pg), Sb (25 pg) and Sn (25 pg) after conversion t o their hydrides, using XaBH,, and gas chromatographic separation.Recently, it was discovered that if a sample is deposited in a cavity in the end of a rod that is inserted into the hydrogen flame, emission can be restricted to within the cavity space. This enables microlitre samples to be analysed. Emission occurs when the analyte or its decomposition products are volatilised into the cavity space.Thus, the emission obtained occurs over a restricted time interval after introducing the cavity into the flame. Organic sulphur compounds give S, emission much more rapidly than do metal ~ u l p h a t e s , ~ ~ and similarly, sulphide or thiocyanate give more rapid (and more sensitive em.issions) than do the less volatile sulphate or peroxodis~lphate.~~?~~ This temporal resolution allows certain sulphur anions to be determined in admixture; mixtures of sulphate and sulphite or thio-March, 1976 SILVER MEDAL LECTURE 67 ~ u l p h a t e , ~ ~ and of thiocyanate, sulphide and sulphate (Fig.1)37 can readily be resolved. Interfering effects of metal ions can be reduced or eliminated by adding phosphoric acid to the sample solution^.^^ Organic sulphur compounds give very sensitive emissions ; picogram amounts of many thiols have been determined.38 The technique has been applied to the determination of 1-20 p.p.m.of saccharin in soft drinks, after solvent e x t r a c t i ~ n . ~ ~ Indirect analyses can also be devised. Metals such as lead, cadmium and manganese can be selectively extracted as their dithiocarbamates, and determined via the S, emission from the ligands; solutions containing these metals at the parts per million level can be a n a l y ~ e d .~ ~ Similarly, amines can be converted to dithiocarbamates by reaction with carbon disulphide in the cavity. After evaporation of the excess of reagent, nanogram amounts of primary and secondary amines can be determined.40 Selenium and tellurium compounds behave similarly to sulphur compound^.^^ Phosphorus compounds can also be determined very sensitively by MECA, based on their HPO emission, and certain mixtures, such as trimethylphosphine and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, can be resolved.42 Tin compounds give an intense emission from gaseous SnO molecules if a small flow of oxygen is also introduced into the cavity.Sub-nanogram amounts can be determined and mixtures, such as tributyl- and dibutyltin oxides, resolved.43 Boron,44 arsenic and a n t i m ~ n y ~ ~ ? ~ ~ also give enhanced emissions in this oxy-cavity, owing to the formation of excited oxy species such as BO, and AsO. Halides give little or no emission alonein the cavity, but if the cavityis lined with indium, then InC1, InBr or In1 band emissions are obtained, which enable concentrations of chloride or bromide at the parts per million level and larger concentrations of iodide to be determined.47 Mixtures of halides cannot be resolved, but organic halides give a sensitive response in the indium-lined cavity; parts per million levels of DDT, for example, can readily be determined.48 If a tin-lined oxy-cavity is used, however, the halides appear to volatilise in sequence to give a series of SnO emissions, so that ternary mixtures can be resolved.49 They can be introduced continuously into the rear of Gases can be analysed by MECA.I A A 0 12 24 36 48 Ti rneis Fig. 3. MECA S, responses of types of, iron ore: A, Lincolnshire (0.47% S ) ; B, Northamptonshire (0.12yoS) ;and C, Nimba (0.007y0 S).Duplicate runs were made for a n d B. 4.0 r 3.0 c-’ In .- C a, C C 0 F i5 2.0 c-’ .- .- v) In .- a, > .w (u W LT .- - 1 .o 0 4 ‘L I 5 10 15 Time/s Fig. 4. Typical MECA S1 response of a powdered coa sample.68 SILVER MEDAL LECTURE PYOC. Analyt. Div. Chew. SOC. the cavity. A hydride-generation system can be used to generate the hydrides of arsenic, antimony,45 tin, selenium, tellurium, sulphur,50 etc., to give characteristic emissions. Because of the overlapping emission spectra, these emissions cannot be resolved, but a parts per million mixture of arsenic, antimony and tin can be resolved by gas - liquid chromatography before passing the gases into the cavity50 (Fig.2). Interferences from many metals can be eliminated by addition of EDTA.51 A semi-quantitative investigation of S, emission from sulphur in two different iron ores is shown in Fig.3. There is a distinct difference between the response profile of the two samples, and a relationship between emission intensity and sulphur concentration can be seen. Sulphur in coal usually occurs in three forms, organic, pyritic and sulphate.Determination of these forms is normally very time con- suming. The three types of sulphur are easily distinguished, and the peaks for pyritic and sulphate sulphur arc quantitatively related to the concentration of these forms of sulphur. Similar results can be obtained for particulate matter in air, pharmaceutical preparations, slags, and pitch. Solids can also be analysed in the cavity.Fig. 4 shows the MECA response for sulphur in powdered coal. The author acknowledges the co-operation and advice given by his many colleagues, in particular Professor R. Belcher and Dr. W. I. Stephen. He is also indebted to his many research students and fellows for their valuable contributions, many of which are referred to above. Finally, he thanks the University of Birmingham, and many outside bodies, for their support, financial and otherwise, of the work described herein.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. References Brauer, G., “Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry,” Second Edition, Academic Press, New Burnel, D., C.Y.Hebd. Se‘anc. Acad. Sci., Paris, 1965, 261, 1982. Belcher, K., and Townshend, A,, Analytica Chim. Acta, 1968, 41, 395. Nisli, G., and Townshend, A., Talanta, 1968, 15, 1377 and 1480. Barker, S. A., Peplow, P. V., and Somers, P. J . , Carbohyd. Res., 1972, 22, 201. Nisli, G., and Townshend, -4., Talanta, 1968, 15, 411. Gawargious, Y., and Beseda, A,, Talanta, 1975, 22, 757. Belcher, R., Hamya, J.W., and Townshend, A., Analytica Chim. Acta, 1970, 49, 570. Belcher, R., Hamya, J. W., and Townshend, A., Claimie Analitica, 1971, 1, 23. Hamya, J. W., and Townshend, A., Talanta, 1972, 19, 141. Brookes, A., and Townshend, A., Analyst, 1970, 95, 529. Rrookes, A., and Townshend, A., Chem. Comunun., 1968, 1660; Analyst, 1970, 95, 781. Kouimtzis, Th., and Townshend, A,, Awalyst, 1973, 98, 40.Foster, R., “Organic Charge-Transfer Complexes,” Academic Press, London, 1969. Townshend, A., PYOC. Soc. Analyt. Chern., 1973, 10, 39. Rhatty, M. K., and Townshend, A., Analytica Chim,. Acta, 1971, 55, 401. Bhatty, M. K., and Townshend, A., Analyt. Lett., 1971, 4, 357. Al-Sulimany, F., and Townshend, A., Analytica Chim. Acta, 1973, 66, 195.Alghabsta, 7’. H., MSc Thesis, Mosul University, 1974. Al-Sulimany, F., and Townshend, A., Analyt. Lett., 1973, 6, 1029. Townshcnd, A., Proc. Soc. Analyt. Cheuiz., 1970, 7, 204; Process Biochem., 1973, 8, 22. Hasani, T. M. S., unpublished work. Guilbault, G. G., “Enzymatic Methods of Analysis,” Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970. Curry, A., and Mercier, M., Natuve, Lond., 1970, 228, 281.Sheikh, R. A., unpublished work. Sheikh, R. A., PYOG. Soc. Analyt. Chem, 1973, 10, 267. hl-Hajjaji, A., unpublished work. Townshend, A., and Vaughan, A., Aizalytica Chim. Acta, 1970, 49, 366. Townshcnd, A., and Vaughan, A,, Talanta, 1970, 17, 289. Stone, J. V., and Townshend, A., J . Chem. Soc., Chem. Counzmun., 1972, 502; J . Chew. sot., Dalton Stokes, T., unpublished work.Belcher, R., Bogdanski, S., Ghonaim, S. A., and Townshend, A., Analyt. Lett., 1974, 7, 133. Relcher, R., Bogdanski, S. L., and Townshend, A., Analytica Chim. Acta, 1973, 67, 1. Belcher, R.,! Bogdanski, S. L., Knowles, D. J., and Townshend, A., Analytica Chim. Acta, 1975, 77, Knowles, D. J., Proc. Analyt. Div. Cheun. SOC., 1975, 12, 209. Belcher, R., Bogdanski, S . L., Knowles, D.J., and Townshend, A., Analytica C h i ~ n . A d a , 1975, 79, Abachi, M. K., unpublished work. Akpofure, C. O., MSc Dissertation, Birmingham University, 1973. Rix, I. 13. B., unpublished work. York, 1965, p. 1738. Tvans., 1973, 495. 53. 292.Mavch, 1976 EQUIPMENT NEWS 69 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. Calokerinos, A., MSc Dissevtation, Birmingham University, 1975. Belcher, R., Kouimtzis, T., and Townshend, A., Analytica Chim. Acta, 1974, 68, 297. Belcher, R.,Bogdanski, S. L., Osibanjo, O., andTownshend, A., Analytica Chivn. Acta, 1976, in the press. Akpofure, C. O., Belcher, R., Bogdanski, S. L., and Townshend, A., Analyt. Lett., 1975, 8, 921. Belcher, R., Ghonaim, S. A., and Townshend, A., Analytica Chim. Acta, 1974, 71, 255. Belcher, R., Bogdanski, S. L., Ghonaim, S. A., and Townshend, A., Analytica Chim. Acta, 1974, 72, Ghonaim, S. A., PYOG. SOG. Analyt. Chevn., 1974, 11, 138. Belcher, R., Bogdanski, S. L., Kassir, 2. M., Stiles, D. A., and Townshend, A., Analyt. Lett., 1974, 7, Stiles, D. A., Pvoc. Soc. Analyt. Chem., 1974, 11, 141. Akpofure, C. O., unpublished work. Henden, E., unpublished work. Belcher, R., Bogdanski, S. L., Henden, E., and Townshend, A., A~lalyst, 1975, 100, 522. 183. 751.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9761300064

出版商:RSC    

年代:1976

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Mavch, 1976 Equipment EQUIPMENT NEWS 69 Concentrators The Elscint Gas Concentrator 105T is a sampling device for concentrating pre-selected vapours from air and later transferring them to a gas analysis system, e.g., a gas chromatograph or mass spectrometer. A choice of adsorbents is available depending on the vapours to be analysed, the adsorbent being housed in a replaceable Teflon cartridge. The concentrated vapours are released from the adsorbent by a heat pulse and swept automatically into the analyser.Field Instruments Co. Ltd., Tetrapak House, Orchard Road, Richmond, Surrey. A Chromalytics Corporation “concentrator” is available for use with gas-chromatographic equipment. The 1047 Concentrator will facili- tate the measurement of air pollutants and head- space gases and improve the limit of detection of trace organics.Two types are offered, one is a U-tube suitable for large volumes of gas or liquid; the other is a 12 cm long sampling tube through which a metered volume of air is drawn on-site. Adsorbed organics are thermally ex- pelled in the laboratory into the chromatograph. Glen Creston, Scientific Instruments and Laboratory Equipment, 37 The Broadway, Stanmore, Middx., HA7 4DL.Mass Spectrometry features, together with the high sensitivity and broad range of accessories, should widen the use of this technique in fields such as environmental monitoring, forensic science and medical and industrial research. Du Pont (UK) Ltd., Instrument Products Division, Wilbury House, Wilbury Way, Hitchin, Herts., SG4 OUR.Gas Chromatography Tracor’s latest dual-column gas chromatograph is based on a new oven design and new digital temperature programmer. The Model 560 includes a built-in digital processor, which controls the oven programme and all heated zones. GC parameters can be entered into memory with a push-button control and then a t any time individual parameters can be monitored on a large, illuminated LED display. It takes 4 min to heat the oven to 200 “C and there are facilities for rapid cooling.Two detectors can be fitted and there are a number of other optional facilities. Techmation Ltd., 58 Edgware Way, Edgware, Middx., HA8 8JP. Chart Recorders A four-channel recorder is available in both curvilinear and rectilinear versions. The Washington 400 MD4 (400 MD4R for rectilinear) The Dimaspec is a push-button mass spectro- will accept a wide range of Washington plug-in meter with an all-digital control system.By facility modules together with isotonic and providing mass-marked spectra for every scan isometric transducers for interfacing. It has the use of the mass-spectrometric technique has six drive speeds, which can be selected from five been simplified.A rapid-scan facility also speed-range groups covering from 60 mm s-l to enables the operator to monitor the effluent from 6 cm h-l, separate time and event markers and a a gas-chromatographic capillary column. These chart feed holding 500 f t of 165-mm paper.70 EQUIPMENT NEWS PYOC. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. Also fitted is a monitor meter displaying the signal level on either channel one or channel three and read-out selection is by a double throw switch.George Washington Ltd., Harbour Estate, Sheerness, Kent, ME12 1KZ. The Gould 13rush 2400 direct-writing, multi- channel chart recorder is available in 12 configurations. It can be used in 2-, 3- or 4-channel form with or without interchangeable plug-in pre-amplifiers, and portable or rack- mounted versions are available.A plug-in control board (with programmable timer) and plug-in drive amplifiers are standard. The recorder is electrically compatible with all Gould Brush pre-amplifiers and signal con- ditioners. Gould Advance Ltd., Raynham Koad, Bishop's Stortford, Herts. High-voltage Power Units The Alpha Mark I1 range of stabilised d.c. high-voltage power-supply units incorporates circuit-design refinements including integrated circuit technology.Five models are available with output voltage ranges from 500 V-5 kV at 5 mA to 6-60 kV a t 400 PA, from a 220-240 V, 50- or 60- H z input at approximately 100 VA. They can be used on the bench or in 19-in rack mountings and all high-voltage components are encapsulated for protection and to prevent electrical breakdown.Full electronic protec- tion is provided against output overload, short circuit or load flashover. Fuses are included in the mains input and d.c. lines, and radio- interference filtering is incorporated on the mains input. Brandenburg Ltd., 939 London Koad, Thornton Heath, Surrey, CR4 6JE. Metering Pump A Type S metering pump with greatly improved performance is announced.Maximum output has been raised from 3.5 to 12 1 h-l with a 66% increase in maximum working pressure, which is now 3.5 bar. A pumphead with PTFE diaphragm and polypropylene body allows many corrosive liquids, e.g., hypochlorite solutions, to be handled. A precise micrometer controls the output, which is continuously variable from zero to the maximum. A wide range of accessories is available and the pump is suitable for floor, bench or wall mounting, the electric motor being fully protected from spillage. Metering Pumps Ltd., Metering House, 83 New Broadway, Ealing, ],ondon, W5 5SD. Fraction Collectors A range of 8 different portable Fraction Collectors is announced.Unaffected by high humidity and operating a t temperatures of from 0 to 40 "C, a capacity of 60, 120 or 200 tubes is offered for standard + and 2 in diameter tubes.The collectors operate on either time or time/ drop basis with an option for automatic cut-out. A pre-set counter controls these functions with change-over effected with a flick switch. The epoxy finish is resistant to chemical attack. I?. Copley & Sons, Private Road Seven, Colwick Industrial Estate, Xottingham, NG4 2ER.Automatic Kjeldahl Determination An automatic high-speed adaptation of the Kj eldahl method of nitrogen determination has been developed. In the Kjel-Foss procedure the basic method is combined with a sophisticated, automatic control system to produce the first result within 12 min followed by a new result every 3 min. This time reduction is achieved by accelerating the digestion, cooling, distillation and titration processes under controlled con- clitions, ending in an automatic digital read-out on the control panel.It is designed to work with l-g samples and in order to test samples a t the rate of 150 per day highly skilled personnel are not required. Foss Electric (UK) Ltd., The Chantry, Bishopthorpe, York, YO2 1QF.Flash-point Apparatus The Autoflash is an automatic Pensky-Martens apparatus designed to determine flash points up to 370°C and to the ASTM D93 and IP34 standards. The sample is placed in the flash cup and the digital switch set to the expected flash-point temperature. The remainder of the procedure is automatic. When the flash point is reached the temperature indicator stops, there is an internal alarm and a "flash" sign is lit.The heating is then switched off and cooling water is admitted to the heating block. If no flash occurs a t 30 "C above the expected flash point the same termination procedure occurs and a "no flash" sign appears. The sample is heated and stirred in a con- trolled manner and the flash point checked a t 18 "C below the expected value and then a t intervals of 1 "C up to 104 "C, and a t intervals of 3 "C over 104 "C until flash occurs or a safety limit is reached.A. Gallenkamp & Co. Ltd., P.O. Box 290, Technic0 House, Christopher Street, London, EC2P 2ER.iWavch, 1976 RANK HILGER SPECTROSCOPY PRIZE Ash Monitor for Coal The On Stream Ash Monitor is a device that provides a rapid determination of ash content by continuously measuring the back-scattered X-rays from a sample of coal irradiated by a plutonium-238 isotope.Variations in the iron content of the ash are compensated for and applications include the control of blending to give mixtures of constant ash content. Gunson’s Sortex (Mineral and Automation) Ltd., Hyde Industrial Estate, The Hycle, London, NIT9 GPX.Contract Work .IRL has opened a laboratory a t Luton to carry out analysis on contract. A variety of tech- niques is available, together with the necessary experts in the different analytical fields, and includes the following : inductively coupled plasma, microwave plasma, liquid chromato- graphy, direct-reading spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, gel-permeation chromatography, viscometry and isotope analysis. Applied Research Laboratories Ltd., Wingate Road, Luton, Beds, IdU4 81’U. IMI Contract Testing Services has been set up to undertake test work along traditional lines in the fields of mechanical testing, physical testing, and chemical and mctallurgical analysis. In addition, special facilities are available to meet industrial needs such as monitoring environ- mental pollution, application of anti-corrosion techniques and simulated service testing of products. All these services are backed by teams of experienced technical staff. Imperial Metal Industries Ltd., P.O. Box 216, Birmingham, B6 7BA. 71

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9761300069

出版商:RSC    

年代:1976

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

RANK HILGER SPECTROSCOPY PRIZE 71 Robert Boyle Essay Awards The Analytical Division of the Chemical Society announces the Robert Boyle Essay Awards, to further the interest of younger people in the role of analytical chemistry in to- day’s society. A maximum of ten prizes will be awarded for the best essays on aspects of analytical chemistry. 1st prize: a scroll, plus L50, plus a book. 2nd prize: L25, plus a book.3rd prize: Ll5, plus a book. Up to seven books as additional prizes. No restriction is placed on the subjects for essay titles, but they should be within the broad general area of analytical chemistry, for example : an analytical investigation of topical interest, an aspect of analytical chemistry of use to the community; the role of analysis in chemistry; the job of the public analyst (or works chemist).Rules 1. Entrants must be under 20 and not be in full-time tertiary education on the closing datc (September 30, 1976). 2. Entrants must reside in the United Kingdom.72 CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS PYOC. Analyt. Div. Clzem. SOC. 3. The essays, which must be in English and of not more than 3000 words, should be written (or typed) on 1 side only of A4 paper (210 x 297 mm).Entries should be sub- mitted to the Secretary, L4nalytical Division, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W1V OBK, in an envelope marked Prize Essay. The essays must not be signed by the competitor but each entry should be accompanied by a covering lettcr stating the name, date of birth, address, and name of school (or other affiliation) of the entrant. All entries received will be acknowledged. 4. The final date for receipt of essays is September 30, 1976. 5. The judges’ decision will be final. A. ,411 prize winners will be notified by post and a complete list will also be published in Pyoceedings and Cheinistvy in BYitain.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD976130071b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1976

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

72 CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS PYOC. Analyt. Div. Clzem. SOC. School of Sciences, Nene College, Northampton, and will take place on the Park Campus of the The theme of the meeting will be the applica- tion of some of the more modern analytical instruments to chemical analysis, and lectures will be given by staff of leading equipment manufacturers. A wide range of analytical equipment will be on display.Enquiries should be sent to Dr. D. A. Symon, School of Sciences, Nene College, Avenue Campus, St. George’s Avenue, Northampton, hTX2 6JB. Collcge. Conferences and Meetings Analytical Applications of Solids Source Mass Spectroscopy March 26, 1976, London The Spectroscopy Group of The Institute of Physics is arranging a one-day meeting on analytical applications of solids source mass spectroscopy.The meeting is to be held a t Imperial College, London. The provisional programme is : “Spark Source Mass Spectrography in Crime Detection,” by Dr. J. Locke (Home Office Central Research Establishment) ; “Measurement of Oxygen in Semiconductors and Metals,” by J . B. Clegg (Mullard) ; “Mass Spectrographic Determination of Iron Traces in Glass,” by G.Blackmore (Admiralty Materials Laboratory) ; “Mass Spectrometry and Pollutant Materials,’’ by Dr. Hamilton (Institute of Marine Environmental Research) ; “Use of the Laser in Mass Spectro- metry,” by R. ,4. Bingham (AEI) ; “Use of the Ion Probe in Mass Spectrometry,” by Mr. Vastel (CAMECA, Paris). Further details and application forms can be obtained from the Meetings Officer, The Institute of Physics, 47 Belgrave Square, London, S W l X 8QX.Analytical Chemistry Exhibition and Symposium April 1, 1976, Northampton This Symposium is being organised by the Analytica 76 : International Exhibition for Biochemical and Instrumental Analysis. Biochemische Analytik 76 : European Con- ference on Biochemical and Instrumental Analysis April 9-13, 1976, M u ~ ~ i c h The European Conference will be held in conjunction with the International Exhibition at the Munich fair grounds from April 9-13, 1976.Information concerning the Conference can be obtained from Secretary General Dr. liosmarie Vogel, D-8000 Munchen 2, Nussbaumstrasse 20, P.B. 20 03 24, West Germany. Information concerning the Exhibition can be obtained from Munchener Messe-und Ausstellungsgesellschaft mbH, D-8000 Munchen 12, Fair Grounds, P.B.12 10 09, West Germany. Chromatography Discussion Group, Symposium Apvil 23, 1976, London The Annual General Meeting and Spring Symposium of the Chromatography Discussion Group will be held on April 23, commencing a t 10.15 a.m., at the Shell Centre, Waterloo, London. For further information contact Mrs. J. A. Challis, the Executive Secretary, The Chro- matography Discussion Group, Trent Poly- technic, Burton Street, Nottingham, NG1 4BU.Short Course on Aspects of Electroanalysis June 14-18, 1976, Loughbovough The course provides introductory and special- ised knowledge of electroanalytical techniques for industrialists. Topics to be covered include ion-selective electrodes, determination of dis- sociation constants, and modern polarographic, anodic-stripping and coulometric instru-Mavch, 1976 CONFEREKCES mentation. Practical sessions include de- monstrations.Further details can be obtained from Mrs. P. 4. Bartram, Chemistry Department, Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE 11 3TU. AND MEETINGS 73 Short Course on Radioisotope Techniques June 21-25, 1976, Loughbovough Lectures will be given on subjects which include the principles and operation of counting equipment, radioisotope techniques, statistics, liquid scintillation counting and applications in organic chemistry, analytical techniques including activation analysis, health hazards, laboratory design and aspects of the law relating to the use of radioactive materials.A wide range of practical work will be avail- able. Further information from : the Course Organiser, G. Oldham, Chemistry Department, Loughborough University of Technology, Lough- borough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU. Sixth International Congress on Catalysis July 12-16, 1976, London This Congress, sponsored by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and organised by The Chemical Society, is to be held a t the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London.One hundred contributed papers will be pre- sented and the following plenary lectures will be given : “Effects of Surface Structure on Catalytic Activity,” by Professor M. Boudart (Stanford University, California) ; “Kinetics of Catalyst Deactivation by Coke Deposition,” by Professor G.F. Froment (University of Ghent, Belgium) ; “Spectroscopic Investigation of Oxide Surfaces and Their Interaction with Adsorbed Molecules,” by Professor V. B. Kazansky (N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Moscow) ; “Surface Physics and Catalytic Processes,” by Professor F. C. Tompkins (Imperial College of Science and Technology, London) ; “Structure of Metallo- enzyme Active Sites and Their Relationship to Function,” by Professor J. J.Villafranca (Pennsylvania State University). Applications for registration should be sent, by April 5, 1976, to Dr. John F. Gibson, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W1V OBN. XXth Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale and the 7th International Conference on Atomic Spectroscopy August 30-Septembev 7, 1977, Pvague The Conference will cover all branches of atomic and molecular spectroscopy, in particular : optical emission spectroscopy ; atomic-absorp- tion and atomic-fluorescence spectroscopy ; X-ray spectroscopy (emission, absorption, fluorescence and primary analysis) ; photo-elec- tron and Auger spectroscopy; electron and ion microprobe analysis ; mass spectrometry (with particular reference to inorganic materials) ; vibration and electron molecular spectroscopy ; magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; spectroscopy of the solid state (interaction of photons with solids, electron and vibrational band structure) ; and gamma-spectrometry (with reference to instrumental radioanalytical methods, activa- tion analysis, Mossbauer spectroscopy).The official languages are English, Russian, German and French and papers describing original unpublished work are invited.Authors are requested to forward the preliminary title and a short summary (50-100 words) t o the Secretariat as soon as possible, but not later than October 15, 1976. Preliminary applications to attend the Con- ference should be made by March 31, 1976. Further information from : Secretariat, XX.CSI and ‘I.ICAS, Technical University Prague, 16628 Prague, Suchbatarova 5, Czechos- lovakia.Review Symposium : Analytical Isotacho- phoresis and Ion- exchange Chromato - graphy, A Comparison Septenzbev 15-16, 1976, Bvzghton This Symposium is being organised by the School of Molecular Sciences at the University of Sussex. The lecture programme will include : “In- troduction t o Isotachophoresis and a Com- parison with Ion-exchange Chromatography,” by Professor A.J. P. Martin (University of Sussex) ; “Principles of Isotachophoresis,” by Dr. F. Everaerts (University of Technology, Eindhoven, Holland) ; “Principles of Ion- exchange Chromatography,” by Professor 0. Samuelson (Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden).I n addition, papers will be presented that illustrate some applications of the two tech- niques and practical demonstrations of iso- tachophoretic analysis will be given.74 PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED PYOC. Autalyt. Div. Chew. SOC. Applications to attend this Symposium should be made, before August 10, 1976, to Mr. C. F. Simpson, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BNZ 9QJ.Third International Conference on Spectral Line Shapes Septembev 13-17, 1976, T-ondox Thc Atomic and Molecular Physic? Sub- Comrnittec of The Institute of Physics will sponsor the Third International Conference on Spectral 1,ine Shapes, which is to be held a t tlie Imperial College of Science antl Technology, 1,ondon. The subject of the conference will be tlie physical properties associated with the for- mation of spectral lines insofar as the absorp- tion, cmission or scattering of photons by atoms is concerned, but neglecting effects that are specifically due to radiative transfer.Contributed and invited papers will be presented ancl tlicre will be an emphasis on the discussion of the new results presented.Offers of contributions (with 200-word abstracts) should be sent to Dr. D. D. Burgess, Depart- ment of Physics, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, SW7 by June 1, 1976. Further details arid registration forms can be obtained from the Meetings Officer, The Institute of Physics, 47 Belgrave Square, Lon- don, SW1X 8QX. Conference on Microanalytical Techniques Septembev 22-24, 1976, Livev9ool The Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group of The Institute of Physics is arranging a Conference on microanalytical techniques, which is to be held at the University of Liverpool.Techniques to be covered will include X-ray microanalysis jn both the SEM and the TEM modes, Auger emission spectroscopy, trans- mission energy loss analysis, imaging secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and proton and other nuclear micro-beam techniques.Contributed and invited papers will be presented : enquiries concerning contributions should be addressed to Dr. H. E. Bishop, Materials Development Division, Building 338.4, AERE Harwell, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 OKA. Further details will be available in the spring of 1976 from the Meetings Officer, The Institute of Fhysics, 47 Belgrave Square, London.SWlX SOX. Conference on Operation of Instruments in Adverse Environments Octobev 4-5, 1976, London ‘This %day non-residential Conference is to be held in London and is being sponsored jointly by the Materials and Testing Group of The Institute of Physics and The Institute of Measurement and Control. The four main sessions of the Conference will be introduced by papers from invited speakers antl it is hoped that these ancl tlie contributed papers will stimulate discussion between the designers, users and manufacturers of instru- mentation who attend. One session will deal with offshore and marine environments and others will include papers on humid ancl corrosive environments, space, extremes of temperature, high radiation fluxes, dusty and flammable conditions, shock and vibration. Offers of contributions should be sent to T. Knight, Royal Aircraft Establishment, Bram- shot Golf House, Fleet, Aldershot, Hants, not later than July 1, 1976 and should include an outline of 300-500 words, which will be repro- duced in the Conference Handbook. Further details and registration forms will be available from the Meetings Officer, The Institute of Physics, 47 Bclgrave Square, London, SWlX SQX.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9761300072

出版商:RSC    

年代:1976

数据来源: RSC