ISSN:0030-3755    

DOI:10.1159/000310877

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The outer surface of the eye is constantly exposed to a wide array of microorganisms. To protect the integrity or the ocular surface and to retain corneal transparency, a number of defense mechanisms have evolved. This article discusses the host mechanisms of the eyelids, tears, cornea and conjunctiva. These host defense mechanisms are identified as either a native, nonspecific defense or a specifically acquired immunological defense requiring previous exposure to an antigen and the development of specific immunity. Nonspecific components that protect the eye include the eyelids, ocular surface epithelium, normal flora and tear proteins. Specifically acquired immunity in tears, cornea and conjunctiva involves the interaction of antigen-presenting cells, lymphocytes and humoral components ofthe immune system.

ISSN:0030-3755    

DOI:10.1159/000310878

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

To study how different visual deprivation conditions influence the degree of myopia, chicks were reared under conditions of unilateral and bilateral visual deprivation with translucent and black goggles in environments of a 12-hour light/dark cycle and complete darkness. Two weeks after hatching, the refractive errors and axial lengths of the eyes were measured. The deprived eyes of the light/dark-reared chicks exhibited severe myopia both unilaterally and bilaterally as well as axial elongations. The dark-reared chicks exhibited slight myopia in the eyes with goggles and no significant axial elongation. The experiments suggest that different degrees of visual deprivation can also cause severe myopia, that myopia develops independently in each eye, and that a light/dark environment is required for severe myopia to develop.

ISSN:0030-3755    

DOI:10.1159/000310857

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

76%o of cataract surgeons in German speaking countries use phacoemulsification (phaco) as the procedure of choice for cataract extraction while the other 24% still use the planned extracapsular extraction (ECCE). The opening technique of the anterior capsule is chosen accordingly: for phaco capsulorhexis is preferred, while for ECCE can opener or letter box technique is usually done. The length of the sclerocorneal incision is 3.2 mm in phaco, 6.2 mm for a PMMA posterior chamber lens implantation and 9–13 mm for the ECCE. We prospectively compared both procedures with each group including 100 consecutive patients. The mean irrigation volume was 96.6 ± 48.8 ml in the phaco group as opposed to 48.1 ± 26 ml in the ECCE group. The mean duration of irrigation was 130 ± 67 s in the first versus 129 ± 76 s in the second group; mean endothelial cell loss was 7.9 versus 7.1%. No correlation was found between endothelial cell loss and duration of irrigation. Mean postoperative astigmatism measured 1.0 ± 0.49 in the first group as compared to 3.3 ± 1.7 dpt in the second group. Except for the astigmatism, our study could not detect significant differences regarding the outcome between both procedures. There are advantages to the phacoemulsification procedure, however, such as a smaller incision (e.g. tunnel technique), a closed irrigation-aspiration system, controlled intraocular pressure and the more frequent use of capsulorhexis. Preferred indications are zonulolysis or previously performed fistulating surgery.

ISSN:0030-3755    

DOI:10.1159/000310859

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A new concept of ocular infectious diseases includes two modes of pathogenesis, one being an acute inflammation caused by the attachment of free-floating bacteria, and another being intractable biofilm-related ocular infections. 15–20% of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from human conjunctiva exhibit slime formation and can be pathogens causing inflammation. Topical application, in the form of, for example, eye drops, of a combination of two antimicrobial agents is usually applied to treat such infections. Any antimicrobial agent having a post-antibiotic effect is generally administered in a twice-a-day regimen.

ISSN:0030-3755    

DOI:10.1159/000310879

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Progression of nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) to ischemic CRVO occurs in up to 5–20 % of patients with nonischemic CRVO. Eyes presenting with nonischemic CRVO and exhibiting an increase in intraretinal hemorrhages together with angiographic findings of aggravation of venule wall staining were assumed to be showing early signs of progression. Eight eyes of 7 patients were followed prospectively and when they exhibited signs of progression they were assigned to either follow-up or early laser treatment. Four eyes received grid and early panretinal laser photocoagulation. Three of them showed regression of retinopathy and 1 eye progressed to ischemic CRVO. The other 4 eyes did not receive early panretinal photocoagulation; 2 of them received no laser treatment at all and the other 2 received only grid laser photocoagulation. All of these 4 eyes progressed to ischemic CRVO.

ISSN:0030-3755    

DOI:10.1159/000310861

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

We examined the status of bacterial infection and drug sensitivity in patients who consulted the Ocular Infection Clinic of Niigata University between 1992 and 1995. Overall, 850 strains were detected. Gram-positive cocci were the most frequent (380 strains, 44.7%). We detected 63 strains of gram-negative bacilli (7.4%), 207 strains of anaerobic bacteria (24.4%) and 18 strains of fungi (2.1%). Among gram-positive cocci, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were the most prevalent (52.6%). Of gram-negative bacilli, glucose-nonfer-menting gram-negative rods (GNF-GNR) were the most prevalent (27.0%). The detection rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 27.0% (20/74 strains). The detection rate of methicillin-resistant CNS was 6.8% (19/147 strains). Concerning drug sensitivity, most of the 54 strains of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus showed low sensitivity to penicillin G (PCG), ampicillin (ABPC) and erythromycin (EM). Most strains of MRSA showed low sensitivity to PCG, ABPC, cefazolin, fiomoxef, imipenem (IPM), ofloxacin (OFLX), EM and clindamycin (CLDM), but high sensitivity to netilmicin, arbekacin (ABK), minocycline (MINO) and vancomycin. The drug sensitivity of CNS was similar to that of S. aureus. Of 27 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 4 (14.8%) were resistant to PCG. Five strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed high sensitivity to piperacillin, ceftazidime, IPM, tobramycin, ABK and OFLX. Most strains of other GNF-GNR showed high sensitivity to IPM, MINO and OFLX. Most strains of anaerobic bacteria showed high sensitivity to IPM, MINO and CLDM.

ISSN:0030-3755    

DOI:10.1159/000310881

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Glaucoma of the aphakic patient is often difficult to treat. The authors present a new surgical technique which uses a portion of the trabeculum as a drain placed in the anterior chamber. Thirty eyes (19 aphakic and 11 pseudophakic) in 28 patients presenting refractory glaucoma were operated on by the same surgeon. Sixteen eyes had already undergone glaucoma surgery, 17 presented vitreous in the anterior chamber. The average postoperative follow-up was 18 months. Eighteen eyes (60%) needed no further treatment, 6 eyes (20%) were stabilized with a local treatment, 6 eyes (20%) remained hypertonic. This new surgical technique, which uses a portion of the trabeculum as a drain, allows for long-lasting filtration in the aphakic or pseudophakic patient with refractory glaucoma.

ISSN:0030-3755    

DOI:10.1159/000310863

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Adult inclusion conjunctivitis and neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis are important infectious diseases commonly encountered by ophthalmologists in industrialized countries. Patients with inclusion conjunctivitis are frequently complicated by genitourinary and epipharyngeal chlamydial infections. Thus, treatment of chlamydial conjunctivitis must include systemic antibiotics and not be limited to topical application of antibiotics to the eye. Effective antichlamydial agents include tetracyclines, macrolides, and some of the fluoroquinolones. Prolonged and frequent application of ophthalmic agents is vital for successful treatment of conjunctivitis.

ISSN:0030-3755    

DOI:10.1159/000310882

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Since the introduction of acyclovir in the last decade, the visual prognosis of herpetic keratitis has improved dramatically. Benefits with this superb agent include rapid resolution of epithelial keratitis, reduction of disturbances in ocular surface epithelia, and a decreased incidence of necrotizing keratitis or subsequent corneal melting. On the other hand, persistent superficial punctate keratopathy associated with topical usage, emergence of an acyclovir-resistant strain of herpes simplex virus, and a gradual increase in progressive corneal endotheliitis comprise the problems to be resolved.

ISSN:0030-3755    

DOI:10.1159/000310883

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1997

数据来源: Karger