ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The principles of family support and of social learning theories were applied to a feasibility study of working directly with family units in a health education program. Twenty-four Anglo, Black, and Mexican-American families of young elementary school children participated in a 3-month cardiovascular risk reduction education project which included eight weekly evening sessions designed to assist families to decrease the frequency of consumption of foods high in sodium and in saturated fats, and to increase the frequency of aerobic exercise. Statistically significant differences between randomly assigned treatment and control groups were noted for reported consumption of high sodium foods and of foods high in saturated fats. Experimental subjects gained more knowledge of factors influencing cardiovascular risk, even though the intervention was behaviorally, rather than cognitively, based. This method of health promotion is deserving of further study.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Between January 1, 1971 and December 31, 1980, 43 of 415 adolescents diagnosed as “learning disabled” when evaluated in an intensive 4-day diagnostic program were found to have a WISC-R verbal, performance, or full scale IQ score of 120 or higher. The 34 boys and 9 girls were 14.5 ± 2 years old, were in grade 9.5 ± 1, and had had overt symptoms of academic difficulty for 4 ± 1.5 years at the time of diagnosis. None of the adolescents was achieving at an academic level consistent with the potential indicated by the WISC-R score. All of the adolescents were able to dissemble and disguise their disabilities. Only nine had previously been recognized as being disabled. All exhibited academic failure (which became apparent or increasingly severe on entering junior high school) and suffered from lack of self-esteem, depression, and withdrawal. Older adolescents had “given up” on school and were attempting to find alternative careers.Learning disabilities constitute an invisible handicap which affects 2 to 3% of all adolescents. Those who have very high intelligence may be able to hide the handicap until academic challenges become sufficiently difficult or complex to unmask them.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This article reviews the role of biofeedback as a tool in behavioral medicine with applications for children and adolescents. Biofeedback as a method for enhancing self-regulation and criteria for prescribing biofeedback interventions are detailed. Clinical and research investigations are reviewed to demonstrate the usefulness of biofeedback in a variety of clinical situations: headache, asthma, hyperactivity, skeletal and smooth muscle dysfunctions, anxiety states, and emotional disorders. Practical guidelines are presented for improving the effectiveness of biofeedback training procedures within a clinical setting and for improving generalization of training to the child's daily life.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study evaluated the fund of knowledge about normal development and developmental disabilities of parents and pediatric residents. A 23-item questionnaire was administered to 91 parents of children who were being evaluated at the Division for Disorders of Development and Learning (DDDL) and to 20 pediatric residents at the University of North Carolina (UNO. The physicians-in-training were provided with an additional 26 questions on development, as well as a rating scale of “personal comfort” in discussing three specific developmental disabilities with parents (epilepsy, hyperactivity, and mental retardation).On the series of identical questions, pediatric residents scored significantly better than parents; the mean number correct was 19.4/23 (residents) versus 15.9/23 (parents). However, in both groups there were notable errors. Incorrect responses by 25% or more of parents and/or physicians were labeled “common misconceptions.” Sixteen parent and 15 physician common misconceptions were identified in the areas of normal development and developmental disabilities. The pediatric residents revealed greater comfort in discussing the medical problem (epilepsy) than the two developmental problems (mental retardation and learning disabilities/hyperactivity). The study revealed important and similar gaps in the pediatric trainees' and parents' knowledge of development. These deficiencies need to be addressed in the training of pediatric residents in order to help them better understand the needs of families of developmental disabled and normal children.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Twenty-one infants with failure to thrive were examined, shortly after hospital admission, for a set of eight noninterpersonal and six interpersonal behaviors identified as possibly being associated with nonorganic failure to thrive. The infants selected for study exhibited some of the target behaviors early in the course of hospitalization, and all were subsequently diagnosed as having nonorganic failure to thrive. The target behaviors include inactivity; irritability; posturing; lack of affect; rumination; excessive thumb-sucking; disproportionate use of hands and fingers rather than arms, legs, and trunk; crying when approached; lack of or decreased vocalization; lack of cuddling; poor eye contact; lack of response to a human stimulus; and indifference to separation. Abnormal interpersonal behaviors were more common than abnormal noninterpersonal behaviors. Identification of these target behaviors may be valuable in diagnosing nonorganic failure to thrive, avoiding the necessity for expensive organic evaluations and providing for earlier social assessment and intervention.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Infant temperament ratings and parental reports of sleep patterns and sleep durations were obtained on 105 normal infants. Boys with more difficult temperaments and active sleep patterns had brief attention spans compared to the other children (p = 0.005). Among all infants, an active sleep pattern was associated with maleness and increased activity ratings when awake (both p < 0.05). Infants with easy temperaments slept longer than those with difficult temperaments (14.9 ± 0.2 versus 1 2.8 ± 0.5 hours, p < 0.001). Gender, maternal prenatal smoking, method of feeding, and infant sleep position did not affect attention span ratings or sleep durations.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This paper reviews the development of the current understanding of childhood depression. Psychoanalytic thought is briefly reviewed and recent studies regarding diagnosis, incidence, etiology, treatment, and prognosis are covered. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III is thought to adequately diagnose both adult and childhood depression. Depressive disorder in children is more frequently recognized and important studies are enhancing our knowledge of biologic, genetic, and psychological factors in depression. Treatment of depression is being refined and developed. The authors suggest that the understanding of childhood depression continues to be best conceptualized within a biopsychosocial model.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Infant colic is an extremely common but poorly understood symptom complex, causing great distress for infant, parents, and physician. Many theories have been suggested to explain this entity, but none are widely accepted. Numerous therapies have been proposed; however, few are helpful. A review of infant colic is presented which focuses on suggested etiologies and therapies, either of historic interest or practical significance. An approach to management is suggested which the authors have found to be valuable.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1983

数据来源: OVID