摘要:

ABSTRACT.The association between changes in body mass index over 1 year and measures of psychological functioning was evaluated in 314 boys and 253 girls with a mean age of 9 years. Anthropometric evaluations and standardized surveys were administered to students in all fourth-grade classes of seven suburban schools in the fall of two consecutive school years. Increases in body mass index were significantly associated with unfavorable changes in physical activity attitudes, activity preferences, perceived physical activity competence, self-concept, and body image. There was limited support for a hypothesis that overweight children are more sensitive to changes in body shape than non-overweight children. The finding of negative psychological consequences associated with increases in body mass index among children suggests that children may be overconcerned with body weight and shape.J Dev Behav Pediatr 16:1–5, 1995.Index terms:children, obesity, self-concept, body image.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Differences between adopted and nonadopted infant rhesus monkeys were examined, as were differences between biological and foster mothers, in measures of infancy and postinfancy behaviors, maternal-infant interactions, and neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to separations. Newborns were experimentally allocated to continuous postnatal care by either their biological mothers (n = 9) or adoptive, nonbiological mothers (n = 7). Behavioral observations were completed during the neonatal period, during separations at 30 days and 5 months, and from 6 to 18 months of age, when animals were housed in a large social group. Maternal and infant responses to separation stress were assessed using measures of behavioral, adrenocortical, and growth hormone reactivity. Out of 84 possible comparisons, only six achieved statistical significance, a number compatible with the operation of chance. Negligible differences in behavioral and neuroendocrine endpoints were found between adopted and nonadopted mother-infant pairs. These findings lend additional credence to human studies finding no increase in the incidence or severity of mental disorders in adopted children.J Dev Behav Pediatr 16:6–13, 1995.Index terms:adoption, foster care, mental health, development, primates.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Limited information is available about the etiology of illicit drug use among minority youth. This study examined predictors of marijuana use and intentions to use marijuana, cocaine/crack, and other drugs for African-American and Hispanic seventh graders (N = 757). Self-reports of marijuana use and intentions to use drugs were collected along with data concerning background, social environmental, and individual characteristics hypothesized to be related to drug use. Results indicated that social influences, including adults, friends, and the most admired person's marijuana use, predicted marijuana use. Individual characteristics, such as a lack of knowledge about the prevalence and negative social consequences of marijuana use, positive attitudes toward marijuana use, and inadequate social, communication, and refusal skills increased suspectability to marijuana use. Lack of self-efficacy was related to intentions to use cocaine and other drugs. Implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the development of effective prevention programs.J Dev Behav Pediatr 16:14–20, 1995.Index terms:illicit drug use, minority youth, social influence

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Results of a 2-year follow-up after an early intervention with low-middle-class primiparous Portuguese mothers are presented. On the 3rd day of their infants' lives, 40 mothers underwent a structured intervention using selected items of the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. An additional 20 mothers randomized to the control group had a talk with a pediatrician about general problems of infant health care. On Day 28, the “sensory orientation‘’ and “cuddliness‘’ competencies of the infants in the experimental group were significantly enhanced when compared with the same competencies among the infants in the control group. In addition, dyads in the experimental group had established a more favorable pattern of interaction, particularly after short stressful situations (these situations included short separations from the mother in which a stranger was present, short separations in which no one was present, and a stillface situation). Short-term effects (the first month of life) were particularly noticeable, especially in terms of the babies' neurobehavioral development and mother-infant interaction. Long-term effects (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 months), though less clear, were evident in the form of better interactive patterns among the dyads in the experimental group. This was particularly evident after the stressful situations to which they were submitted. These results are discussed in terms of both their scope and their clinical impact.J Dev Behav Pediatr 16:21–28, 1995.Index terms:early intervention, follow-up, neurobehavioral development, mother, infant

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ABSTRACT.This prospective, blinded study evaluates the effect of in utero cocaine exposure on outcome of nonasphyxiated, term and near-term children born to women of low socioeconomic status. Two hundred nineteen children (101 cocaine-exposed and 118 control) with extensive natal evaluations are evaluated at 6-month intervals. We report here growth, performance on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) through 30 months of age, and tone and reflexes at 6 and 12 months. To date, subjects have had 816 followup visits, with subject retention greater than or equal to 73%. Cocaine-exposed children showed statistically lower mean weights and smaller mean head circumferences than control children over the 30-month followup period (p≤ .011). The percentage of children with abnormal tone and reflexes, however, was similar in the two groups at 6 and 12 months (p≥ .34). Mean BSID Mental Development Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Development Index scores did not differ between the two groups (p≥ .16), although both groups' scores decreased over time (p< .001). Of concern, both cocaine-exposed and control groups had tower mean MDI scores than those published for a group of children of higher socioeconomic status. We conclude that, in our cohort of children, low socioeconomic or minority status may have had a substantial influence on BSID scores whereas in utero drug exposure did not.J Dev Behav Pediatr 16:29–35, 1995.Index terms:cocaine, development, growth

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ABSTRACT.In a prospective longitudinal study of a cohort of 105 subjects born prematurely, competence was assessed from infancy through late adolescence. A biosocial model guided the research. Neohatal neurobehavioral organization (a composite of term visual attention, amount of time in active sleep, and 407 EEG pattern) and early social stimulation (the amount of talking the mother addressed to the infant during a home observation when the infant was 1 month old) in conjunction with social class were used to predict competence at key age periods through late adolescence. Intellectual competence, school achievement, social competence, and self perception of cognitive competence were studied. The results indicate that measures taken in the early infancy period were predictive of later competence, particularly intellectual competence, above and beyond social class. Twenty-eight percent of the variance in 48-year IQ scores was explained by the predictor variables. The study highlights the importance of directing efforts to improve the social environment of both the infant and the family.J Dev Behav Pediatr 16:36–41, 1995.Index terms:prematurity, competence, biosocial factors, late adolescence

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ABSTRACT.This investigation extends a previous study of children of people with somatization disorder and children of less severely affected somatizers. We used the revised Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents, revised, and abstracted medical records to compare families in which a child as well as a parent had unexplained somatic complaints; we also identified parental predictors of children's somatization. Children in families with somatizing children had more emergency room use, more suicidal behavior, and more disability. Children in families of somatization disorder adults had 11.7 times as many emergency room visits as less severely affected somatizers and missed 8.8 times as much school. Parental somatization, substance abuse, and antisocial symptoms predicted children's somatization. Physicians in primary care should be aware of the frequency with which somatization occurs in other members of a family when it is identified in one member.J Dev Behav Pediatr 16:42–46, 1995.Index terms:family, somatization, suicide, emergency room

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Dimensions of the vulnerable child syndrome are clarified in a critical review of the research and clinical literature. The central construct of the vulnerable child syndrome, an increased parental perception of child vulnerability to illness or injury, is examined in the context of separation and loss. Measures of perceived child vulnerability are reviewed. A new conceptual model of parental perception of child vulnerability is presented that takes into account child, parent, parent-child, parent-clinician, and family factors. Directions for future research are suggested. Index terms:vulnerable child syndrome, overprotection, child rearing, parent-child relationship. J Dev Behav Pediatr 16:47–53, 1995.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID