摘要:

This report describes maternal discipline of infants and toddlers, focusing on how the context of the misbehavior affects maternal beliefs and practices. Mothers of 1 - to 4-year-old children were interviewed using a 20-minute, structured questionnaire at two practice sites: (1) an inner-city teaching hospital pediatric clinic (n = 104) and (2) a private pediatrician's office in a nearby suburban neighborhood (n = 100). Measures were constructed to assess beliefs and practices about three kinds of discipline (teaching, spanking, and removing) and about two approaches to discipline (positive or negative). We found that mothers believe significantly (p < .001) more strongly in all three kinds of discipline for dangerous misbehavior compared with annoying ones. Belief in teaching, spanking, and negative approach increase with age; belief in removing decreases (p < .001); and belief in positive approach remains stable. Belief in spanking starts earlier than belief in teaching, and belief in negative tone increases with age. Mothers seem to have better formulated beliefs about spanking and negative and positive approach to discipline than about teaching or removing. Eighty-five percent believe time-out is at times appropriate for a 2 year old, but only 67% had practiced it in the past week. Belief and practice of time-out varied by the age of the child and practice site. Explaining, distracting, and praising were practiced frequently, whereas bribing was less common. Less than half (44%) reported that they had ever discussed discipline with their child's physician, although 85% thought that their physician could give good advice. There is evidence that mothers change their minds about the appropriateness of time-out as their child gets older, but beliefs about other kinds of discipline remain relatively constant. We conclude that the type of misbehavior and the age of the child affect a mother's beliefs about discipline. These findings suggest a role for pediatricians in exploring and broadening parents' concepts of discipline.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study examined ethnic differences in the relationship between cosleeping and sleep problems in the United States, taking socioeconomic status (SES) into consideration. The sample consisted of 186 urban families with a healthy 6- to- 48-month-old child and was grouped as follows: white lower SES (n=40), white higher SES (n=54), black lower SES (n=43), and black higher SES (n=47). Regular cosleeping was associated with increased night waking and/or bedtime protests among lower SES white children and higher SES black children. Among families who coslept, white parents were more likely than black parents to consider their child's sleep behavior to be a problem, i.e., stressful, conflictual, or upsetting as well as regularly occurring. One explanation is that differing childrearing attitudes and expectations influenced how parents interpreted their children's sleep behavior.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A battery of self-report questionnaires and structured diagnostic interviews was administered to 20 children and adolescents who presented to a pediatric specialty clinic with chronic fatigue. Matched groups of healthy and depressed control subjects (aged 8 to 19 years) were also studied. Criteria were established to identify those items in the assessment battery that reliably differentiated among the three groups. Analysis of item content suggested several clusters of characteristics that discriminated among the subject groups, including life changes, cognitive difficulties, negative self-attributions, social relationship disruption, and somatic symptom presentation. The results suggest that certain psychological factors can discriminate chronic fatigue from depressive symptomatology, as well as normal functioning. Items discriminating among groups are presented in an organized questionnaire format to assist with the understanding and assessment of pediatric chronic fatigue cases.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Reported associations between season of birth and reading failure suggest medical causationand prevention. The relationship between season of birth and two measures of reading outcome in twocohorts of children (n, = 2411 and n2 = 1972) was studied using %2 tests. None was significant. Logisticregression was used to investigate the joint associations of gender, age at school entrance, and season ofbirth with reading outcome. A significant interaction between reading failure and age category (overage atschool entrance vs correct age) by season of birth was observed. It was shown that this significant interactionwas probably caused by kindergarten entrance cutoff birth dates. Although 67.8% of all overage children hadsummer births, only 15.3% failed in reading, which is not statistically different from the percentage of summer-born, correct-age low readers (13.6%). Results suggest that reported associations may be attributed toselective samples rather than the total population of school children who experience reading failure.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The association between early otitis media, styles of primary caregivers, and language development was prospectively examined in 26 2-year-old children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds (of mixed perinatal status) followed prospectively since birth. Based on otoscopic evaluations during the first year of life, there were 14 children who were classified as bilaterally otitis-free (OM-) and 12 children who were classified as bilaterally otitis-positive (OM+). At 2 years of age, all children were administered standardized measures of cognitive and language function along with a 20-minute videotaped play session with one of their primary caregivers. The language of both the children and caregivers was analyzed. Results indicate that caregivers of OM+ and OM- children used language nearly identically when interacting with their children. However, caregivers of OM+ children whose communication style was marked by a high percentage of directives and a corresponding low percentage of both questions and information-giving had the children with the lowest scores on all measures of naturalistic language. Controlling for neonatal illness did not alter the relationships found. The results suggest that caregiver language may compensate for some of the auditory deprivations associated with otitis media.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Some of the most interesting cases in pediatric practice evolve through time. What may begin as a clear, well defined problem with a predictable natural history and an accepted intervention strategy may develop into a more complex, multi-faceted set of problems. It is these children who potentially provide clinicians with new insights into behaviors. This case of a colicky infant illustrates the wide spectrum of behavioral and physiological symptoms that emerge from a specific underlying behavioral phenomenon. It also emphasizes the significant benefit derived from a longitudinal perspective of developmental events.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This article reviews 31 recent articles that describe the functioning of families and/or parents of children with cystic fibrosis (CF), compares them to families of healthy children, pinpoints factors that predict quality of adjustment, or evaluates interventions designed to improve functioning. Commonly cited concerns included the difficulty of the treatment regimen, the terminal nature of CF, and the disruption of intrafamilial relationships. Parents of children with CF experienced greater stress and burdens than parents of healthy children, yet parenting behavior and family functioning were quite similar in CF and healthy control groups. Higher levels of distress, an avoidant coping style, and low levels of family support were associated with poor psychological adjustment. Recommendations for future research include: using multiple informants; using detailed, illness-specific measures and conceptual frameworks; and conducting studies of individual variation and interventions. Practitioners might consider performing periodic updates of how the family is managing as a whole.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID