摘要:

We report on recruiting and retaining a sample of low birth weight, premature infants for a clinical trial as well as results of tests evaluating sampling and retention biases. A total of 4551 infants were screened, and 1302 were found eligible. Consent was obtained for 1028 infants. After randomization and the presentation of group assignment, the number of infants enrolled was 985 (75.7% of those eligible). Of these, 92.7% completed the 3-year study. Tests to evaluate recruitment bias revealed significant relationships between nonenrollment and site, maternal race, and infant birth weight. Tests to evaluate retention bias revealed a significant relationship between dropout and maternal education. Additionally, infant birth weight and maternal age interacted with treatment in predicting dropout. Despite these statistically significant recruitment and retention biases, there was no evidence of problems with sample representativeness to the population of interest or of treatment group differences on study-relevant background variables.J Dev Behav Pediatr 14:1–7, 1993.Index terms:bias, infant, recruitment, retention, sample.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Patient satisfaction has been linked empirically to a variety of health care outcomes (e.g., treatment adherence). Unfortunately, there is a paucity of data regarding the assessment of children's satisfaction with pediatric care. This lack of instrumentation was the impetus for the development and preliminary validation of the Metro Assessment of Child Satisfaction (MACS). Findings indicated the MACS is internally consistent and easily administered and understood by children as young as 6 years of age. Factor analysis yielded four distinct factors that appear to be statistically valid and clinically meaningful. Findings are discussed in relation to maternal ratings of satisfaction and physician perceptions of patient and parent satisfaction.J Dev Behav Pediatr 14:8–12, 1993.Index terms:children's satisfaction, pediatric care, assessment.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Maternal and paternal depression, anxiety, and marital discord were investigated as predictors of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem in 54 children with congenital or acquired limb deficiencies. Higher paternal depression predicted higher child depression and higher anxiety. Higher paternal anxiety predicted higher child depression and anxiety and lower self-esteem. Higher marital discord predicted higher child depression and anxiety and lower self-esteem. Maternal depression and anxiety did not predict child psychological adaptation. Family support had a positive effect on child adaptation, as did parent, classmate, teacher, and friend social support. The findings are discussed in terms of the risk and protective effects of parental distress, marital discord, and social support on the psychological adaptation of children with visible chronic physical disorders.J Dev Behav Pediatr 14:13–20, 1993.Index terms:limb deficiencies, children, adjustment, social support, parental distress, family functioning, marital discord.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The four main aims of this cohort study were to (1) determine the number of consecutively referred low birth weight (LBW) infants presenting with delayed language at 12 and 24 months of age, (2) examine language profiles by measuring both functional and spontaneous language ability in 24-month-olds, (3) examine the relationship between perinatal medical history and language status at 12 and 24 months, and (4) examine the clinical validity of the Early Language Milestone (ELM) scale, a brief language screening instrument. Only infants without serious sensory impairment or mental handicap were included in the final sample. Seventy-one LBW infants (36 12-month-olds, 35 24-month-olds) were seen for developmental and language assessments. The findings suggest that within the first 2 years of life, low to moderate rates of language delay are evident in LBW infants who have already been screened for serious sensory or mental handicap. At 12 months of age, 8.3% of the infants had delayed expressive language; none had delayed receptive language. At 24 months of age, 28% of the infants had delayed expressive language; 5.7% had delayed receptive language. Furthermore, only 32% of those with normal expressive language and sufficient language sample had a mean length of responsewithinthe normal range. Language status was not related to a specific perinatal medical variable. Additional study into the clinical validity of the ELM as a screening measure for the LBW population is warranted. The ELM specificity for both receptive and expressive language domains was good at both ages (80 to 100%), but sensitivity was low to moderate (0 to 68%).J Dev Behav Pediatr 14:21–27, 1993.Index terms:language development, low birth weight.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Despite the presence of considerable research on techniques for reducing distress associated with childhood hospitalization, few studies have examined the more basic issue of whether the event negatively affects children after discharge. A meta-analysis was conducted of studies using the Posthospital Behavior Questionnaire (the most commonly used method of examining posthospital behavior) to determine whether hospitalization results in negative behavioral change, the duration of this reaction, if detected, and factors potentially related to its strength. The mean weighted effect size was +.29 (Confidence Interval .95 = ± .07). Thus, in the absence of interventions, negative behavior tends to increase significantly after discharge (z= +3.99;p< .00006). However, this response diminishes with time and has largely disappeared after 2 weeks. Contrary to expectations, neither age of subjects nor their medical condition was related to their degree of upset. Subjects hospitalized for periods of 2 to 3 days exhibited more behavioral distress than did those hospitalized for either shorter or longer periods.J Dev Behav Pediatr 14:28–35, 1993.Index terms:hospitalized child, stress, psychological adaption, children, child behavior, hospitalization.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Despite continued interest in ameliorating the posthospital psychological effects of hospitalization on children, there have been no analytic reviews of the research on this topic. The present study synthesized all known research that evaluated experimental interventions through the use of the Posthospital Behavior Questionnaire (PHBQ), by far the most commonly used method of examining posthospital behavior. The mean weighted effect size (ES) was +.44, Confidence Interval (Cl).95= ±.10. Thus, on the average, children who received experimental interventions tended to change their behavior in the direction of psychological upset less than children who did not (z= +4.81;p< .00006). Analyses of ES moderators indicated significant variations (p< .05) associated with (1) the year of the report, (2) questionnaire format, (3) study design, (4) variations in experimental treatment, (5) subject's age, and (6) length of hospitalization. Psychoeducational preparation was not effective with younger children. The benefits of experimental interventions persisted up to 4 weeks after discharge.J Dev Behav Pediatr 14:36–44, 1993.Index terms:hospitalized child, stress, psychological preparation, children, child behavior.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID