ISSN:1322-1698    

DOI:10.1080/14486563.1999.10648444

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:1322-1698    

DOI:10.1080/14486563.1999.10648445

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The contingent valuation method is a stated preference technique that can be used to estimate non-market values in the economic evaluation of alternative public sector policies. The method is often employed to generate estimates of willingness to pay (WTP) values for a range of alternative policy options. Dichotomous choice contingent valuation surveys have sought to estimate the value of multiple options using a single sample of the population. Such an approach may be open to framing effects and the WTP estimates for the different options may be cross-correlated. In order to derive robust and independent estimates of the community's willingness to pay for different options, separate sampling of the population for each option being considered is desirable. However, this approach can rapidly escalate surveying costs. A compromise, which appears to have some merit, is to undertake full sampling for one of the options being evaluated and then sample at only one bid level for the other options. This permits a willingness to pay bid function to be estimated for the fully sampled option and shifts in the function to be inferred for the other options. An application of this approach to sewage treatment and disposal options for the Vaucluse, Diamond Bay, Dover Heights and Watsons Bay area in Sydney is reported in this paper. One potential problem with this approach, the case of nonparallel shifts in the bid curve, is briefly examined.

ISSN:1322-1698    

DOI:10.1080/14486563.1999.10648446

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In recent years there has been considerable interest in the use of economic instruments to address environmental problems. The economic theory indicates that market-based instruments offer significant cost savings over current regulatory approaches with the same level of environmental protection. In the context of water pollution, the two most commonly suggested instruments are tradeable permits and emission charges. This article commences with a brief overview of the theory underlining these instruments. It then reviews the Australian experience of applying market instruments to water pollution. A discussion of the limitations of these instruments follows which refers to the debate over the application of market-based approaches from ecological and economic perspectives. As a result of these limitations, it is argued that comprehensive load-based emission charges for point sources of water pollution and offset trading schemes for some diffuse source pollutants offer the most potential.

ISSN:1322-1698    

DOI:10.1080/14486563.1999.10648447

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article examines current floodplain management and development in inland NSW and the roles and responsibilities of local councils, planners and designers. It illustrates the use of the precautionary principle within the context of floodplain development. Floodplain management was made subject of a lawsuit after the 1990 flooding of Nyngan. The court case triggered questions regarding negligence and future liability of local councils and floodplain developers. Present floodplain legislation in NSW is contested with respect to incorporating natural climate variability and anthropogenic climate change. It may be foreseeable that climate variability and change may influence river flow and therefore flooding in inland NSW. In the future, local councils may, therefore, be found liable for damage arising from flooding if caution regarding climate is not taken into account in building approvals. Hence, planners and designers in floodplain management issues must have regard to the precautionary principle in considering the hydrological aspects of climate variability and change in floodplain management.

ISSN:1322-1698    

DOI:10.1080/14486563.1999.10648448

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Companies in Australia are in the midst of an uncertain period of experimentation with improved means of environmental reporting, accounting and auditing. The Commonwealth Greenhouse Challenge was launched in October 1995 with bipartisan support. A requirement of signing the Challenge is that companies have to provide information to the Commonwealth and the Australian public about their greenhouse gas emissions, and what actions are being taken to reduce them. This article briefly outlines the Program and typical information gathered and disclosed through the Program. It then draws attention to a discussion underway about the nature of ‘independent verification’ of information to be reported to the public under the Program, before drawing some conclusions about the reports and independent verification processes being used.

ISSN:1322-1698    

DOI:10.1080/14486563.1999.10648449

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:1322-1698    

DOI:10.1080/14486563.1999.10648450

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor