ISSN:0193-7197    

DOI:10.1002/vnl.730040102

出版商:Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn addition to presenting the nature of the lead and cadmium hazard and environmental control levels, there is presented a philosophy, international in scope, for the meaningful management of EPA's legislated responsibilities to the citizens of the U.S. The profitable aspects of pollution control and waste recycling are discussed as exciting alternatives to the nonproductive character of compliance with regulations.

ISSN:0193-7197    

DOI:10.1002/vnl.730040103

出版商:Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA discussion of the current OSHA regulations or restrictions on the manufacturing, handling, and use of inorganic or organic compounds of lead or cadmium, either in liquid or in powder form.

ISSN:0193-7197    

DOI:10.1002/vnl.730040104

出版商:Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEarly recognition of certain hazards in the manufacture and use of lead chemicals resulted in industry programs to monitor and protect the worker. Unlike many other chemicals where problems have been identified only recently, experience has provided a good base for meeting the new, more stringent regulations affecting lead chemicals. Current, scheduled, and proposed OSHA and EPA regulations will be summarized, and engineering, product physical form and packaging solutions will be discussed. Problems to be addressed will include handling of raw materials and finished products during lead stabilizer manufacture, shipment and handling and use in plastic compounding and processing plants. Options currently available, technologies under development, and factors affecting option selection will be reviewed. Long‐term experience with lead chemicals supports the optimism regarding the feasibility of complianc

ISSN:0193-7197    

DOI:10.1002/vnl.730040105

出版商:Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAs it stands today, the outlook for the lead stabilizer industry couldn't be better. There are several reasons why we feel this is so. One reason is that governmental regulations have been known to the industry for several years. Because of this, suppliers have been very successful in helping consumers meet existing regulations through education, training, and improved handling technology. Also, we are aware of no new or pending legislation that would place additional restrictions on lead.Other reasons for optimism include increased cost advantages when compared to other types of stabilizers available and the potential from new application areas.My intent is to review what the industry has done to promote customer compliance regarding governmental regulations and to elaborate on reasons for our optimistic outlook concerning the future of the lead stabilizer industry.

ISSN:0193-7197    

DOI:10.1002/vnl.730040106

出版商:Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAs a major consumer of lead stabilizers used in PVC wire and cable compounds, Western Electric raw material inspection personnel have seen a decline of lead stabilizer dispersion quality. For this reason, the dispersion of lead stabilizer is of major concern to us. Marginally dispersed stabilizers cause an excessive collection of lead compound on the extruder screen pack and eventual rupture of the screen. Marginal dispersion detracts from extrusion smoothness of high‐speed, thin‐wall wire insulation. Stabilizer manufacturers have acknowledged that dustless versions of their products are more difficult to disperse. Lead suppliers must meet OSHA regulations that limit employees' exposure to inorganic lead compounds. They are using different approaches that are producing a proliferation of packages as well as stabilizer surface treatments. Dispersion quality has varied from supplier to supplier and from lot to lot. Obviously, compounders find it difficult to agree on a solution to the problem. The use of bulk returnable air pallets and standard non‐treated stabilizer would satisfy dust‐level requirements, eliminate the need for additive treatment, and solve potential bag disposal restr

ISSN:0193-7197    

DOI:10.1002/vnl.730040107

出版商:Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe inorganic salts of lead were the first materials proposed for use as vinyl stabilizers, and even though newer families of materials have been developed, lead salts continue to fill an important role in vinyl stabilization. They are irreplaceable in the manufacture of electrical insulation for high‐temperature use and are still considered among the most powerful of stabilizer types. Cadmium organic salts, as part of complex barium‐cadmium‐zinc systems, have proven indispensible in the manufacture of vinyl compounds requiring a combination of outstanding heat and light stability. The move in Detroit towards the manufacture of lighter, more fuel‐efficient automobiles would be difficult without the use of plastics, including some of the more sophisticated vinyl compounds stabilized with barium cadmium‐zinc com

ISSN:0193-7197    

DOI:10.1002/vnl.730040108

出版商:Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article will deal with three distinct approaches to minimizing cadmium exposure. In the first approach, the pros and cons of eliminating cadmium completely will be discussed. In the second approach, the formulation of cadmium stabilizers in unique physical forms to reduce exposure will be discussed. Lastly, engineering aids to reduce the exposure to state‐of‐the‐art cadmium‐containing products will be di

ISSN:0193-7197    

DOI:10.1002/vnl.730040109

出版商:Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe health, environmental, and economic problems associated with heavy metal stabilizers are readily controlled or eliminated by a new stabilizer manufacturing and product technology known as Poly‐Checks®. The products are dustless, free‐flowing, noncompactable powders carried on host resins. The impact of these unique physical properties on health, safety, and the environment will be discussed. Suggestions on the use of these products by compounders will be offered that, if put into operation in the user's plant, will open the door to substantial cost reductions in the manufacture of PVC dryblend compo

ISSN:0193-7197    

DOI:10.1002/vnl.730040110

出版商:Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStabilizers containing relatively toxic metals such as cadmium or lead have long been used whenever regulations permit because, on a cost‐performance basis, they have been far superior to available alternatives. Recent and proposed regulatory changes increase the regulatory compliance cost connected with the use of traditional products. Argus Chemical's efforts have approached the problem from several directions, including: 1) minimizing compliance cost by providing products less hazardous in use; for example, solid stabilizers with minimal dusting tendency, and liquid stabilizers able to replace solids; 2) upgrading performance by providing more efficient products; 3) providing products in which relatively toxic ingredients have been replaced by less toxic materials. Applications of these approaches in the specific areas of general‐purpose flexible calendering and extrusion compounds, vinyl plastisols, and phonograph record compounds will be described. The paper will also compare and contrast the regulatory status as it now exists in the U.S.A. with the situation currently prevailing in other world ar

ISSN:0193-7197    

DOI:10.1002/vnl.730040111

出版商:Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY