ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb05282.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this occasional series we record the views and personal experience of people who have specially contributed to the evolution of ideas in the Journal's field of interest.

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb05283.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryAlcohol consumption in pregnancy can produce a spectrum of abnormalities in the developing foetus, ranging from minor retardation of growth to the fully developed ‘foetal alcohol syndrome’. This syndrome comprises a constellation of physical and mental defects associated with a charateristic facial appearance that is found in children: born to chronic alcoholic women. Although it was thought to be extremely rare in the U.K., several case studies have recently appeared in the literature, and its incidence is probably increasing. In moderately drinking pregnant women increased rates of spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and congenital malformation as well as growth retardation have been reported, though some of these findings await confurmation. It is likely also that certain behavioural abnormalities are consequent on maternal alcohol intake. The major U.K. finding so far is that consumption of more than 100g alcohol per week in the early stages of pregnancy is associated with reduced birth weight. There is no doubt that alcohol is teratogenic in laboratory animals and that the effects are dose‐related. In humans the threshold dose necessary to produce damage to the foetus and the time in pregnancy that alcohol is particularly likely to have deleterious effects have not yet been established. In the present state of knowledge there are difficulties in recommending safe limits. It is obvious that abstinence before and during pregancy is the safest course, but one drink a day is unlikely to be harmful. Greater efforts are needed to educate women about the dangers of alcohol consumption in preg

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb05284.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryAn increasing recognition of the possibility of addiction with regard to activities other than drug use seems to call for a re‐evaluation of key strands of thought about the nature of addiction, namely its relationship to the biological substratum and the relevance of cultural and individual interpretation of experience in addictio

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb05285.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe misuse of alcohol imposes costs on society in a variety of ways. This paper presents a conservative estimate of the total resource cost of alcohol misuse in England and Wales concentrating on four major areas: the costs to industry and the National Health Service, material damage costs and the costs of criminal activity. It is estimated the social cost of alcohol misuse is in excess of £1500 million (1983 prices). Much research needs to be undertaken to improve the poor epidemiological bases on which these estimates depend

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb05286.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe 1982 British Crime Survey collected information on self‐reported offending including cannabis use from a large representative sample of the population of Great Britain aged 16 and older. Five per cent of the sample said they had ever used cannabis compared with two per cent of a representative sample of people aged 16–19 in England and Wales interviewed in 1969. While there are some differnces between the present national samples in the proportions saying they had ever used cannabis, more of the 20–34 year olds of both sexes, particularly those who said they had completed their education after the age of 17, than of other sub‐groups in the sample said they had ever used done so. The limitations of national surveys of self‐reported drug use are

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb05287.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn a long‐term follow‐up study extending over 10 years of a cohort of 99 male alcoholics, interviews were achieved with 68 of them. Data obtained by personal recall are presented to illustrate the pattern of the men's drinking over the follow‐up period. The changes over time and the difference between individuals are disc

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb05288.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryUsing a standarised questionnaire we interviewed 156 patients with newly‐diagnosed alcoholic liver disease to establish whether they had been advised in the past to reduce their alcohol consumption and if they had been referred for treatment of an alcohol problem. A detailed assessment of their lifetime alcohol intake and severity of alcohol dependence was also undertaken. Most patients has a long history of excessive drinking (mean duration 17.3 years), yet only 69 (44%) said thay they had been advised by their general practitioners to reduce or stop drinking. This was corroborated by a review of a case records. Only 35 patients (22%) had been referred to a hospital clinic and 16 (10%) had attended an alcoholism counselling service or Alcoholics Anonymous. Patients who had received some intervention had a relatively higher mean daily alcohol intake and were more severely dependent on alcohol. These results suggest that most patients who develop alcoholic liver disease escape detection for many years because they have a relatively mild alcohol dependence syndrome. To limit the increasing morbidity from alcoholic liver disease emphasis must be placed on trying to identify and treat a broader spectrum of excessive drinkers than has been the case hithert

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb05289.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryValidation of the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ) was attempted in a sample of 102 Irish problem drinkers. Analysis of questionnaire responses showed reasonable accord with the findings of the designers of the SADQ, suggesting that the questionnaire is a useful and valid instrument for the investigation of alcoholics. The findings gave qualified support for the concept of the alcohol dependence syndrome. Maximum agreement with a findings gave qualified support for the concept of the alcohol dependence syndrome. Maximum agreement with a clinician's rating of moderate and severe dependence was achieved at a cut‐off score of 30 on the SADQ. Results also suggested it might be possible to use the SADQ to distinguish between minimal and mild to moderate dependenc

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb05290.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn a pilot study, the prevalence of metabolic bone disease was found to be low in male alcoholics attending an alcohol problems clinic, and did not appear to account for their high prevalence of fractures. The alcoholics with clinical signs suggestive of neuropathy or liver damage did not have a higher prevalence of metabolic bone disease and fractures than those without such signs. However, future research on this topic will have to be based on methods of greater reliability and validity

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb05291.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY