ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb00202.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb00203.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb00204.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn this paper an attempt is made to trace the origins of the drug‐free therapeutic community. Virtually all such programmes in North America may be traced to Synanon, which in turn may readily be traced back through Alcoholics Anonymous to the so‐called Oxford Group. At this point the line of evolution becomes less evident. But an examination of various aspects of the background and career of Dr. Frank Buchman, founder of the Oxford Group, suggests a strong link with the Protestant Reformation and, through it, with the forms and practices of primitive Christianity as embodied in the Dead Sea Scrolls. It is suggested that the present‐day therapeutic community is only the most recent reincarnation of a particular type of religious organization which dates from at least the Intertestamentary P

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb00205.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb00206.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe nature and extent of regional variations in levels of alcohol‐related problem in Britain are reviewed. Results confirm that considerable differences exist in officially recorded levels of alcohol‐related mortality, crimes and alcoholism admissions. The established view, that such rates are much higher in the North‐West, was also confirmed. In England and Wales levels of alcohol‐related problems were all positively intercorrelated and were also positively correlated with unemployment rates. In Scotland mortality data were negatively correlated with alcoholism admissions and crimes. It is suggested that, to a large extent, such official data reflect differences in provision of services or of detection. In particular, the anomalous Scottish data are concluded to be artefacts of regional idiosyncracies of recording alcohol‐related

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb00207.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA factor analysis of the Alcohol Use Inventory identified four major syndromes of alcohol abuse in a clinical sample of N = 274 individuals. The first factor, labelled Alcohol Dependence, was characterized by loss of behavioural control when drinking, alcohol withdrawal symptoms, repeated attempts to stop drinking, and a compulsive drinking style. This factor was correlated with chronic social debilitation and various aspects of psychopathology. Factor I provided empirical evidence for the alcohol dependence syndrome described by Edwards and Gross. The second factor, termed Perceived Benefits From Drinking, was defined by a sustained drinking style and belief that alcohol use facilitates social and mental functioning. A correlation with anxiety symptoms indicated that drinking may be used to cope with stressful situations, especially in social interactions. The third factor was Marital Discord and encompassed drinking problems that either instigated or resulted from marital difficulties. The fourth factor, Polydrug Abuse, was marked by the use of illicit drugs in conjunction with a gregarious style of drinking. High scorers on this factor tended to be younger, socially deviant and rebellious. The results from this study supported a quantitative, multiple syndrome conception of alcohol abuse. Individuals may be ordered along several dimensions according to their level of problem severity.

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb00208.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIt has often been suggested that a higher rate of alcohol consumption will eventually lead to a higher rate of death from traumata and diseases typically observed in alcoholics and other excessive drinkers. In the Netherlands alcohol consumption has much increased in recent years. However, an examination of mortality by cause and age over a 25–year period has indicated that it is very difficult indeed to render the presumed effects of much increased alcohol consumption on public health statistically visible. Some of these effects may well have been obscured by more significant developments in mortality such as the higher rates of death from cardiovascular diseases and from neoplasm of the lung. Other effects may not have happened at all. In the case of liver cirrhosis mortality ‐ which doubled while alcohol consumption quadrupled during the period of study ‐ it was noted that the rate of death from all liver diseases (including liver cirrhosis) has been declining. In the case of several other alcohol‐related (?) causes of death it was found that mortality rates were not responsive to recent trends in alcohol consumption in the Neth

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb00209.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryEpidemiologic data collected by several investigators in numerous communities of Asia indicate that the role of a community vis‐a‐vis opium production and commerce strongly influences the prevalence of addiction. Poppy producing communities tend to have the highest crude prevalence rates (i.e., over 6 addicts per 100 people). Communities involved with opium transshipment generally have intermediate rates (i.e., 3 to 6per 100 people). End use or consuming locales have the lowest rates (i.e., under 3 per 100 people). These differences are attributed to varying drug availability in these three locations (i.e., inside most homes, passing through the community, or on demand only). Ethnicity, religion and national origin are not associated with addiction rate. It appears that community survey provides the most reliable data, while case registers may often underestimate the number of ca

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb00210.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryBetween 1969 and 1979 there was a significant reduction in the amount of opiates used by addicts admitted for withdrawal to an in‐patient treatment unit. This eleven year period was marked by a gradual decrease in the number of high dose users together with an increase in the number of low dose users. Some implications of these results are discusse

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb00211.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY