摘要:

SummaryEarlier work in this field is reviewed and present concepts and terminologies are examined in detail. A revised way of dealing with ideas implicit in the terms ‘drug abuse’ or ‘drug misuse’ is proposed; the term ‘neuroadaptive state’ is suggested as an alternative to ‘physical dependence; a profile is given of the elements that constitute a drug dependence syndrome’; and the need to differentiate conceptually between ‘dependence’ and ‘drug related disability’ is stressed. A model of dependence is outlined in which dependence is considered as a psycho‐physiological‐social syndrome determined and kept going by a complex system of reinforcements. The bearing of the foregoing considerations on work towards the revision of relevant classification systems is considered, and, in the final section, several recommendations on nomenclature are brought together and suggestions are made for research that might lead to refinement of classifica

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb03246.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryCigarette brands advertised as ‘low’ tar are increasing sales yearly; undoubtedly because smokers hope they are less hazardous than ‘high’ tar/nicotine cigarettes. However, it is questionable how much switchers to ‘low’ tar/nicotine brands actually reduce their exposure to toxic components in smoke. A switching project examined the cigarette purchases over fifteen weeks of 121 paid volunteers in four experimental and one control group (separately within sex). Experimental groups received differing combinations of money and/or health message incentives to encourage switching to brands with lower tar/nicotine delivery. Subjects in all but one experimental group significantly decreased tar/nicotine exposure; controls did not. Money incentives produced the greatest decrease. The effect of health messages was unclear. Switchers' exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) remained higher than would be expected from the theoretically lower CO delivery of their brands. Small increases in number of cigarettes smoked per day did not account adequately for the persistently high

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb03247.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA study of 104 male and 56 female residents of an alcoholism halfway house investigated the feasibility of programmes for teaching coping skills. In a developmental phase, programmes were created for teaching goal‐setting, interpersonal problem‐solving, and control of drinking tendencies. In a subsequent experimental phase, the problem‐solving strategies were compared to covert sensitization and a discussion control. While most subjects could recite the strategies during programmes, marked decrements in recall were noted within one month of programme completion. No differences were found among the three programmes on any outcome variables at discharge or at 6, 12 or 18 month follo

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb03248.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThis study compared individuals who identified themselves as ‘alcoholic’ versus ‘non‐alcoholic’ in a clinical sample (N=225) referred for alcohol related problems. The self‐identified alcoholics were more likely to have attended Alcoholics Anonymous and to agree with the A.A. philosophy that abstinence is necessary for improvement. Furthermore, the alcoholics reported a wider range of problems related to alcohol, and both their current and life‐time alcohol consumption were greater than the non‐alcoholics. Nevertheless, the differences would appear to be of degree rather than differences of kind. As the level of alcohol abuse increased beyond a certain threshold there was an increased probability that individuals would consider themselves alcoholic. On the other hand, the self–identified alcoholics and non‐alcoholics were not significantly different with respect to age, sex, intellectual abilities, personality characteristics and measures of psychopathology. This study calls into question the meaningfulness and practical utility of the distinction between ‘alcoholic’ and ‘non‐alcoholic’ with individuals ha

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb03249.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIt has been argued that the phenomenon of alcoholics experiencing mood deterioration during a heavy drinking bout discredits the Tension Reduction Hypothesis of alcohol consumption [6]. An experiment is described which sought to illustrate two ways in which this phenomenon and the hypothesis are compatible. Nine male alcoholics consumed 6gm of alcohol per kg bodyweight in 16 equal doses over two days. Ratings of mood and related physiological indices were used. In the long‐term the physiological measures were elevated on the second drinking day and yet individual doses of alcohol lowered these throughout. Severely alcohol dependent subjects showed corresponding effects for subjective ratings ie long‐term mood deterioration with short‐term improvement. All subjects expected continuing to drink to be reinforcing relative to stopping. Thus alcohol may retain tension‐reducing properties, and alcoholics may expect these, even if affective state was worsened overall during a drinki

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb03250.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe results of the first phase of a follow‐up study of drinking habits and alcohol‐related consequences amongst 1,036 Scottish teenagers are reported. These data revealed a very high level of alcohol involvement amongst the study group and, in particular, amongst females. The results lend support to the view that differences in levels of alcohol‐related problems experienced by the sexes are diminishing. Social class background, school, general attitudes to alcohol and exposure to alcohol education were all unrelated to self‐reported alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related con

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb03251.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb03252.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryFourteen alcoholics were tested as they were admitted to hospital because of alcohol intoxication. Their serum calcium level was low and their parathyroid hormone activity high ‐ the difference was not quite significant. However, after on average 10 days of abstinence the serum calcium level increased and the parathyroid hormone activity decreased, both significantl

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb03253.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb03254.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb03255.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY