摘要:

AbstractThis article reviews current topics in tardive dyskinesia (TD), a movement disorder associated with the prolonged use of neuroleptic agents, especially therapeutic and preventive strategies which have been or are now being studied in Japan. Tardive dyskinesia has become a major problem in the clinical psychiatric field since the early 1970s in Japan, lagging behind Western countries by more than 10 years. The average prevalence rate of TD has been estimated as 7.7% in Japan, while it has been reported in the English literature at around 15 to 20%. Clinical trials of treatments for TD have been or are now being performed in Japan with a number of novel compounds, such as ceruletide, meclofenoxate, and rolipram; however, no effective treatment has yet been established and measures to prevent TD have therefore been emphasized. These include (i) the development of new antipsychotic drugs which are free from TD, (ii) the identification of risk factors from prospective longitudinal studies, and (iii) the investigation of genetic variations that could act as a marker to identify especially vulnerable patients within the whole population of patients who need neuroleptic therapy.

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1995.tb01895.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMorita therapy was founded in 1919 by Shoma Morita (1874–1938) and is a systematic psychotherapy based on Eastern psychology. Since its founding 75 years ago, the treatment theory, treatment environment, treatment population and its cultural environment have been examined and modified in some areas. In this review, we first examine Morita theory and discuss the changes that have ocurred in subsequent theories and methodologies. Our discussion presents the founding of Morita therapy and the characteristics of Morita theory; the practice of Morita therapy; Morita therapy from the perspectives of transcultural psychiatry and comparative psychotherapy; subsequent developments and modifications of Morita therapy; and the biological studies of Morita therapy. We attempt to clarify the universality and uniqueness of Morita therapy and provide a new framework for understanding Morita therap

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1995.tb01896.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOur discussion is based on the psychoanalytic theory of Freud. We, however, discuss a case of neurotic depression which is not considered a subtype in Freud's concept of neurosis. We discuss the difference between culture and civilization, referring to what Freud discussed inTotem and TabooandMoses and Monotheism.We then discuss two matters specific to Japanese culture; the assimilation of foreign cultures, and the sexual differences found in Japanese culture. On the basis of these discussions, we attempt to link these with the problem of structure of the neurotic depression. We conclude with Confucianism which we can consider as relative to the East‐Asian worl

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1995.tb01897.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present article demonstrates the clinical application and the efficacy of relaxation techniques in general hospital psychiatry in Japan. During April to December 1993, 20 patients were treated with progressive muscle relaxation and ‘modified’ autogenic training therapies. The targeted symptoms were anxiety attacks (or panic attacks), neurotic insomnia, hyperventilation syndrome, agoraphobia, chronic pain, and distress. Most patients (18/20) improved rapidly with the use of these techniques and their excellence encourages increased use in general hospital psychiatry for the following reasons. First, physically ill patients are likely to show unexpected reactions to psychotropic medications. Second, some patients prefer these treatment methods rather than medications because they feel that they are participating voluntarily in their own treatment and also because they are fearful of being addicted to tranquilizers. Third, these treatments have produced rapid improvement especially for patients with panic attacks and/or hyperventilation. This study strongly suggests that progressive muscle relaxation and ‘modified’ autogenic training are simple and useful methods which can be easily employed in the clinical practice of general hospital psy

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1995.tb01898.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe case of a 50 year old man with personality changes, dementia, and brain stem symptoms is presented. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disclosed high signal areas mainly in the brain stem. Both a positive skin prick test and an HLA‐B51 were demonstrated. These clinical findings were suggestive of neuro‐Behçet syndrome, although there were no mucocutaneo‐ocular symptoms characteristically associated with this disease. The relationship between neuro‐Behçet syndrome and brain stem encephalitis, including a discrimination from multiple sclerosis, is

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1995.tb01899.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe report a case of Klinefelter's syndrome with multiply operated low back (MOB). Psychological and/or psychosocial problems related to MOB have been of recent interest in the field of orthopedic surgery. Based on psychiatric interviews, this case was diagnosed as a somatoform pain disorder of the DSM‐III‐R somatoform disorders. In addition to psychological problems, the pain was partly explicable by severe osteoporosis, which was prematurely caused by endocrinological disturbances associated with Klinefelter's syndrome. Patients with this syndrome are more likely to develop severe osteoporosis. In the presenile period of Klinefelter's syndrome with severe osteoporosis, liaison psychiatrists may pay attention to somatoform disorders (e.g. somatoform pain disorder and conversion disorder) linked with the

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1995.tb01900.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe aims of the present study were to clarify the findings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the aging brain, and to relate the MRI findings to higher order cortical function. A total of 118 healthy aged volunteers (41 men, 77 women) underwent cranial MRI electroencephalography (EEG), Benton visual retention test (BVRT) and interview. The subjects had no past history or clinical evidence of cerebrovascular disorder, head trauma or dementia and were living at home without any difficulty. The majority of the subjects have participated in this series of studies since 1982. Using a 1.5 T superconductive MR instrument, T1‐weighted, proton density and T2‐weighted images were obtained. The MRI data were rated visually by regarding 12 items according to fixed criteria. T2 high signal intensity (T2HSI) lesions were found in 69.5% of subjects, the prevalence of which increased with age. T2HSI lesions were most frequently found in the basal ganglia (61.9%), followed by the thalamus (39.0%), parietal lobe (37.0%), temporal lobe (12.7%) and pons (8.5%). Among these lesions, lacunar infarction showed low signal intensity in T1‐weighted images and was found in 24.6% of subjects, the prevalence also increasing with age. These findings, including brain atrophy determined according to similar criteria, were correlated closely with the subjects' age. The results of BVRT showed a close relation with T2HSI, suggesting that T2HSI may influence cognitive function. When the subjects were classified according to the presence of T2HSI, lacunar infarction and EEG abnormalities, brain atrophy was significantly milder in a group of subjects with T2HSI(‐), lacunar infarction(‐) and normal EEG than in the other groups. This suggests that changes seemingly representing physiological aging may be promoted by another pathological which also exerts influences on higher order cerebral

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1995.tb01901.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWithin session and between session reliabilities of the task‐related component (P3b) of the P3 measures (amplitude, area and latency) and their habituation across eight sessions separated by 7–10 days, except for an interval of 1 month between the 6th and 7th sessions, were studied based on the difference waves, which were obtained by subtracting the ignored infrequent event‐related potentials (ERP) from the target ERP elicited by a standard auditory oddball paradigm with eyes‐open or eyes‐closed conditions in 10 normal subjects. The within session reliabilities represented as Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were 0.57‐0.66 for the three measures except for those for the latency and amplitude under the eyes‐closed condition. The between session reliabilities expressed as intraclass correlation coefficients (R) ranged from 0.54 to 0.60 except for that for latency under eyes‐closed conditions. Long‐term habituation occurred within the first six sessions for the P3b amplitude and area, and dishabituation took place in the 7th session after an interval of 1 month, whereas no such phenomenon was observed for the P3b latency. Implications of the present results are discussed in terms of the clinical application o

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1995.tb01902.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRelationships between urinary levels of α1‐microglobulin (α1M) and ulinastatin (UT) in patients with dementia were investigated. There were no significant differences in α1M and UT levels and α1M: UT ratios among three groups: age‐matched control subjects, patients with either Alzheimer‐type senile dementia (ATD) or vascular dementia (VD). Although a positive correlation was established between α1M and UT levels in these groups, the regression of the demented patients differed significantly from that of controls (P<0.05). A tendency towards a negative correlation between α1M: UT ratios and the levels of severity or duration of the disease was displayed in the ATD group, whereas a tendency toward a positive correlation between α1M: UT ratios and the levels of severity was observed in the VD group. These results suggest that changes in the relationships between urinary levels of α1M and UT may provide a useful biochemical index for diagnoses

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1995.tb01903.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn order to elucidate the effect of levodopa and bromocriptine on the DNA‐binding activities of transcription factors, AP‐1 and CREB DNA‐binding activities were investigated using gel‐shift assay. Intraperitoneal administration of 100 mg/kg levodopa with 50 mg/kg benserazide in rats increased both AP‐1 and CREB DNA‐binding activities in the dorsolateral aspect of the striatum. The major proteins composing the increased AP‐1 wereJunB andJunD. Bromocriptine at doses of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, however, did not increase these binding activities. Present results suggest that levodopa but not bromocriptine induces these transcription‐regulating proteins in the striatum with normal dopaminer

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1995.tb01904.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY