摘要:

AbstractReviewing the development of concepts of ‘atypical’ psychoses in European countries and in the United States shows that there are various terminologies which are given to a group of psychoses unclassifiable within Kraepelinian dichotomy. Bouffee delirante (French school), cycloid psychoses (Leonhard, Perris), reactive psychoses (Scandinavian school) and acute schizoaffective psychoses (Kasanin) are the most common terms. These are consistent in terms of acute onset, polymorphic symptomatology and good prognosis, and are considered to be distinct from major psychoses, especially from typical schizophrenia. The concept atypical psychoses in Japan was developed under the influence of Mitsuda's clinico‐genetic studies. According to Mitsuda, atypical psychoses are not mere phenotypical variants of typical schizophrenia and manic‐depressive psychosis (MDP) but belong to a genetically different category and are probably heterogeneous. The characteristic features in the Japanese concept of atypical psychoses emphasizes the alteration of consciousness in symptomatology and pays attention to the nosological relationship with epilepsy, as well as with schizophrenia and MDP. Thus, in Japan it is generally considered that atypical psychoses are independent of ‘typical’ major psychoses and are located nosologically in the border area between typical schizophrenia, MDP a

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1996.tb01656.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractObsession was introduced by Kraepelin in 1915 and has been studied extensively since. When a person with obsession becomes psysically exhausted with chronic rumination accompanied by suspicion, he or she is driven to impulsive acts, and develops a personality disorder that displays persistent abnormal activities. Obsession is related closely to depression and schizophrenia. Obsession is induced when uncertainty and instability dominates intelligence and creativity. The current social hierarchy of a strongly controlled society rejects diversity of humanity and often triggers personality disorders. This article reviews obsession and a myth as primitive mentality, normal and abnormal obsession, obsessionvspossession, society and obsession/ impulsion/degeneration, obsession and slowness/autism, a recent biological approach to obsession and a spectrum for obsession.

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1996.tb01657.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOrganic solvent inhalation is a serious problem among youths in Japan. It induces physical and mental disorders, and is related closely to crime and delinquency. The relationship between solvent inhalation and antisocial behavior was investigated in 75 youths. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the level of violent behavior and the time of appearance: a non‐violent group, a late‐onset group (violence occurred after the start of inhalation) and an early‐onset group (violence had occurred before the start of inhalation). Various parameters were compared among the groups. The late‐onset group showed the following characteristics: (i) the frequency of inhalation was high, and many subjects experienced hallucinations and mood changes caused by inhalation; (ii) the family environment was characterized by conflict; and (iii) the subjects had strong psychological conflicts and showed dissociative coping with frustration. The violence, psychological conflict and dissociation in this group were found to be related to the inhalation, with familial conflict as a background. The violence in the early‐onset group was considered to be the manifestation of a violent personality as the frequency of inhalation and the incidence of mental symptoms were both low. The subjects in this group showed weak psychological conflict and tended to be demanding of others when attempting to cope with frustration. Two types of violent behaviors in the teenagers who inhaled solvents were identified. The violence of solvent inhalers should be managed according to

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1996.tb01658.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn adolescent male obtained a position in a large business with assistance from others. Initially he had tension headaches due to maladjustment. He then showed signs of dysmorphophobic symptoms, expressed as a dissatisfaction with his nose. Subsequently, he had cosmetic rhinoplasty twice for esthetic reasons. After a few years, he presented with a psychosis. During treatment his symptoms developed into headache and fever that disappeared upon recovery. He was therefore able to seek employment independently. This transition of symptoms assumes an aspect of adolescent mentality and presents a trial and error approach to establishing a social identity. In general, somatization is assumed to be an immature defense mechanism of individual psychopathology. However, somatization may be a sign of an improvement in one's health. Somatization in adolescence may also be a sign of the beginning of a reintegration into society and have a bridging functional aspect that induces socialization in adulthood.

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1996.tb01659.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOlfactory evoked potential (OEP) recordings were undertaken using amyl acetate stimulation in 20 patients with Parkinson's disease, nine patients with Alzheimer's disease, seven patients with olfactory dysfunction with no other neurological disorder, and 17 control subjects. In order to eliminate the somatosensory factor from the combined somatosensory and olfactory components produced by amyl acetate stimulation, we subtracted the potentials using odorless air from those using amyl acetate. In normal subjects, three components were observed, the mean latencies of which were 309 ± 46, 484 ± 61 and 710 ± 55 ms. In all subjects with anosmia (n= 7), no responses were observed. In the patients with Alzheimer's disease, the components were fewer despite having no olfactory dysfunction. In the 20 patients with Parkinson's disease, four patients showed no components, seven patients showed one component and eight patients showed two components. The components rarely were detected in spite of whether the patients had olfactory dysfunction or not. Olfactory evoked potentials are useful in detecting olfactory dysfunction and the early stages of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disea

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1996.tb01660.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA patient with atypical multiple sclerosis (MS) with clear concentric structure was studied using high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This case was considered to be Balo's concentric sclerosis. Magnetic resonance imaging showed diffuse multiple concentric demyelinating lesions in the bilateral centrum semiovales, which finally regressed with the necrotic lesions remaining when the patient was discharged. During his clinical course, he showed some higher cerebral dysfunctions, such as memory disturbance, constructual apraxia and acalculia. He was treated with glycerin, prednisone and rehabilitation; all of which were effective in his recovery. Over a 4 month period, the patient recoveredclinically, but some intellectual impairment remained.

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1996.tb01661.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY