摘要:

The grounded theory approach is a valuable research method in pediatric nursing for understanding and explaining human experience. In the first part of this article the steps involved in the grounded theory method are described, with illustrations from published grounded theory in pediatric nursing. The application of grounded theory in pediatric nursing is the focus of the second section of this article. The results of a CD-ROM data base search of the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) from 1983 to 1995 are summarized to identify grounded theory research in pediatric nursing conducted during those years.

ISSN:0146-0862    

DOI:10.3109/01460869609026851

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Physiologic and psychologic changes associated with sleep disturbance decrease the ability of a critically ill child to adapt to hospitalization and thus hamper recovery. Research demonstrates that intensive care settings interfere with sleep of adults, but little is known about the impact of these settings on children's sleep. An exploratory field study was conducted to describe the sleep-wake patterns of 1- and 2-year-old children in intensive care, identify intensive care environmental stimuli associated with sleep and waking states, compare the intensive care sleep-wake pattern to the pre-illness sleep-wake pattern, and determine the time required for children to return to their pre-illness sleep-wake pattern. Twelve children aged 13 to 35 months composed the sample for the study. Pre-illness and postdischarge sleep patterns, sleep patterns during a 12-hour night in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and external and internal environmental stimuli were measured. Prior to hospitalization, subjects demonstrated sleep similar to that documented in healthy children. Children in the PICU experienced a significant loss of sleep, frequent awakenings, and a virtual rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation. External environmental stimuli of light, noise, and caregiver activity were negatively correlated with sleep state. Pain and treatment with benzodiazepines were associated with sleep acquisition. Sleep changes persisted after discharge from the PICU and the hospital. Total sleep time recovered more rapidly than nighttime awakening. Parents perceived that their child's sleep remained different longer than total sleep time and night awakening values demonstrated.Children in the ICU experience sleep disturbance that can impede recovery. Nursing must take an active role in identifying and controlling environmental stimuli to improve sleep acquisition during this critical time. Only nurses well educated in sleep topics can provide comprehensive care that promotes sleep and rest. Development of nursing knowledge in the promotion of optimal sleep in children is in its infancy; continued study and research on the topic are needed.

ISSN:0146-0862    

DOI:10.3109/01460869609026852

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This study examined the stability of temperament characteristics in children over a 6-year period as well as the reliability of Rothbart's infant and child temperament measures. Thirty-seven mothers rated their firstborns' temperaments using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ) at 3 months and the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) at 6 years of age. Pairedttests between matched IBQ/CBQ subscales revealed that children were rated significantly higher in all behavioral subscales at 6 years, with the exception of Soothability, which remained stable. Correlations among matched IBQ/CBQ subscales showed significant positive relationships between Soothability and Smiling over the 6-year period. Estimates of internal consistency on three of the six IBQ subscales were lower than Rothbart's reported values, whereas the CBQ values were similar. Findings suggest there was not long-term stability in temperament estimates from early infancy to childhood, except in positive affective response to the environment and rate of recovery from distress and excitement. Measurement issues related to using the IBQ/CBQ, assessing temperament at an early age, maturational effects, and implications for practice are discussed.

ISSN:0146-0862    

DOI:10.3109/01460869609026853

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This study explores the role of temperament in pediatric pain perception and responses. The sample consisted of 3- to 7-year-olds(N =137) who required preoperative blood test by venipuncture. Blood sampling procedures were videotaped. Children's pain responses were measured by their behaviors, pulse oximetry, and self-report of pain. Parents reported their child's usual pain behaviors, previous pain experiences, and temperament. The temperament category threshold was found to relate to self-report and distress behaviors during the preparation phase. The temperament categories of activity, mood, approach, adaptability, intensity, and threshold related to children's previous pain responses and usual pain behaviors. These previous behaviors were strong predictors for their responses to venipuncture pain.

ISSN:0146-0862    

DOI:10.3109/01460869609026854

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the feelings and perceptions of parents undergoing the process of private infant adoption in Western society. Ten individuals were interviewed and, through ethnographic analysis, categories and themes were derived. Participants moved sequentially through seven phases, from the choice to adopt to receiving the legal birth certificate. Adoptive parents described the phases as laden with fears and anxieties. The participants considered themselves to be risk-takers. Major themes that emerged from this study were uncertainty, unpreparedness, and commitment to an unguaranteed investment. Additional themes were isolation, competition, judgment, and ostracism from a variety of sources. Health professionals can support these parents by assisting them in establishing coping strategies and through educating them during each phase of the process.

ISSN:0146-0862    

DOI:10.3109/01460869609026855

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0146-0862    

DOI:10.3109/01460869609026856

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor