摘要:

Models of sexual assault and rape have progressed from psychopathology models of perpetration and victimization to current sociocultural views. Sociocultural models focus on the factors that influence the likelihood that the label of rape will be applied and the behavior dealt with accordingly. The papers in this journal issue call for explicit attention to the historical, political, and sociocultural factors associated with the likelihood of coercive sexual incidents (including characteristics of the assailant and the victim). In addition to placing the occurrence of rape in an historical and sociocultural framework, the authors present research findings and theoretical formulations to further the understanding of rape.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992.tb01153.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The meanings of sexual assault and women's sexuality have changed significantly since the colonial period. At that time, women were valued for their sexual purity and were viewed as the center of the family. Sexual intercourse was acceptable only within marriage for the purpose of procreation. If a woman engaged in sex outside of marriage, even against her will, she was considered a “fallen” woman and was often blamed for her own victimization. With the feminist movement of the 1960s, rape was reconceptualized as a mechanism for maintaining male control and domination, a violent means of inducing fear in women and reinforcing their subordination to men. This reconceptualization has made a clear difference in the way our culture defines and understands sexual assault, but much still needs to cha

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992.tb01154.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Definitions set the parameters of research and influence the results and conclusions. It is thus crucial that researchers critically examine definitions and terms, particularly in fields that use popular terms likely to be influenced by the unacknowledged biases and political concerns of the dominant group. The study of sexual assault is such a field, and therefore this article examines researchers' definitions of sexual assault, rape, and related terms. Definitions vary along several dimensions, including (a) the sexual behaviors specified, (b) the criteria for establishing nonconsent, (c) the individuals specified, and (d) the perspective specified—that is, who decides whether sexual assault has occurred. For each dimension, the article discusses implications for researchers' results and conclusions, underlying assumptions, and political ramification

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992.tb01155.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article distinguishes among the various research strategies available to the sexual aggression researcher and notes the limited domains of explanation inherent in each approach. Runkel and McGrath's (1972) circumplex typology is adapted as an organizing framework to clarify the relationships among the various research approaches. Examples of each type of research are given from the sexual aggression literature. Specific research strategies are examined in light of their ability to illuminate the possible and probable importance of a relationship between variables. Also discussed is the influential effect that a researcher's assumptions about the nature of sexual assault has on the choice of a research question and a research methodology to investigate that question. A multiple‐strategies approach is recommended for the study of sexual assaul

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992.tb01156.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper discusses the extent of rape in the U.S. today, including a critical analysis of federal and independent sources of incidence data. Rape incidence estimates derived from the National Crime Survey (NCS) are flawed because of measurement methods that undermine full disclosure of victimization. Conclusions include (a) the incidence of rape is much higher than federal statistics suggest, but data are insufficient to resolve whether an epidemic is underway, (b) acquaintance rape is far more common than documented in crime surveys, and (c) improvement in rape detection is promised by the proposed revisions in the NCS.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992.tb01157.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines historical factors related to African American women's rape and their disclosure patterns. It compares similarities and differences in incidents of attempted or completed rape in a community sample of 55 African American and White women. The possibility that African American women may not perceive themselves as rape victims or their experiences as meeting the criteria of “real rape” has implications for the disclosure of incidents, as well as the initial and lasting effects of sexual victimization. Researchers are urged to include ethnicity as a factor contributing to women's self‐perceptions as rape surv

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992.tb01158.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines the influence of gender and ethnicity (Hispanic compared to non‐Hispanic White) on the probability of experiencing sexual assault, the circumstances surrounding the assault, and its sequelae. Based on a sample of over 3000 adult community residents, Hispanics and men reported significantly lower rates of assault than non‐Hispanic Whites and women. Once individuals were assaulted, however, neither ethnicity nor gender were related to their probability of being victimized again. Assaulted persons were more likely than nonassaulted persons to have a mental disorder; however, this association did not differ by gender or ethnicity. Women were more likely than men to report specific emotional and behavioral reactions to an assault. Sexual assault was associated with significantly greater use of mental health and general health services, regardless of gender or ethnicity. Provision of services for sexual assault victims is discussed in light of these findi

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992.tb01159.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In previous research, the lifetime prevalence of sexual assault among U.S. women ranges from less than 15% to more than 50%. Much of this variability is due to methodological differences across studies, but some of the inconsistency may be substantively meaningful, reflecting the effects of social context on the risk of sexual assault. This paper provides a profile of sexual assault victims from a representative sample of urban and rural southern women. The profile includes information about the prevalence and characteristics of sexual assault, demographic correlates, self‐reported effects of sexual assault, and sources of help seeking. This profile is compared with results from a representative, urban, and ethnically diverse sample of sexual assault victims in Los Angeles. Differences across and within the samples highlight the effects of social context on the risk, correlates, and consequences of sexual assaul

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992.tb01160.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A theory is proposed that there may be as many as five varieties of courtship rape. Each type is described as arising at a different stage of a romantic relationship in terms of both the length of the relationship and previous sexual activity. Beginning date rape occurs during a couple's first few dates. Early date rape occurs after several dates but before the couple has established sexual ground rules. Relational rape occurs after the couple's sexual ground rules have been established. The remaining two forms of rape occur after a couple has or had an active sexual relationship, and they are distinguished by the presence or absence of battering. When this form occurs without physical abuse, it may be essentially the same as relational rape. Suggestions and hypotheses for testing this model are provided.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992.tb01161.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Depictions of sexual violence in the media can promote antisocial attitudes and behavior. Three approaches to the problem of sexual violence in the media are explored: (a) legal restrictions, (b) informational labeling, and (c) formal education. It is premature to advocate legal restrictions since existing research leaves too many questions unanswered. Informational labeling is not a viable solution because of problems inherent in the most widely used scheme, including the basic assumption that ratings should be based on what is offensive to parents rather than on what is assumed to be or known to be “harmful” to viewers. Research on educational interventions designed to mitigate the effects of exposure to sexual violence is discussed, and several promising procedures are identif

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992.tb01162.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY