摘要:

In this article, readers are introduced to the special JSI issue on gender stereotyping, sexual harassment, and the law via examination of a hypothetical yet infamous expert witness, Professor Fiske Borgida. Fiske Borgida survives the rigors of courtroom testimony and manages to educate the court about (1) the definition and measurement of sexual harassment, (2) the intrapersonal and interpersonal forces contributing to harassment, (3) individual and organizational reactions to harassment, and (4) utilization of research on gender stereotyping and sexual harassment by the courts. The presiding judge qualifies Fiske Borgida as an expert but then adjourns the proceeding in order to carefully read the contents of the special issue.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01304.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The study of gender stereotypes evolved from earlier research on racial and ethnic beliefs. Moving from an initial focus on the descriptive characteristics associated with women and men, investigators of gender stereotypes have used the framework of social cognition to analyze structure and process. The utility of this research for understanding sexual harassment is discussed in terms of (a) gender subtypes that emphasize sexuality, and (b) contextual factors that prime gender stereotypes and subtypes. An understanding of these basic phenomena can inform organizational policies and legal efforts aimed at “taming” the hostile work environment and reducing the occurrence of sexual harassm

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01305.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article critically reviews social science research relevant to lay people defining sexual harassment, including research on what behaviors are considered harassing, the effects of harasser status on perceptions of harassment, and gender differences in definitions of sexual harassment. Included in this review are data from a previously unpublished study of definitions of sexual harassment among a sample of over 4000 students, faculty, and staff at the University of Minnesota. Our review suggests that there is now quite a bit of lay consensus regarding which categories of behaviors are generally considered harassing. Studies on both the effects of harasser status and gender differences in perceptions of harassing behaviors are less consistent. We conclude our review with several recommendations for increasing the external validity of this research.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01306.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Problems and issues associated with using survey methodologies to develop estimates of the prevalence of sexual harassment are summarized. Problems with respect to the definition of sexual harassment in survey research, response sets, the use of retrospective self‐report measures, sample selection bias, validity and reliability, and generalizability are addressed. Recommendations are offered in terms of conducting such survey research in future efforts to assess sexual harassment, as well as establishing relationships between reports of sexual harassment and other relevant variable

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01307.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this study we examine how events that may have been called “normal” or “acceptable” by some people at one time are recalled and reconstructed as “harassment.” Four interviewers conducted open‐ended unstructured interviews with 21 women about incidents in which sex was not the ostensible purpose of the encounter but sexual innuendo and in some cases assault was the result. The analysis of their stories explores how they experienced events that at the time were not called “sexual harassment” but that they now call by that name. The respondents describe themselves as having been “naive” or “gullible” and having felt “guilty” or “ashamed.” In analyzing these stories the paper compares the experiences of “preverbal” children and adults who recall events that have been reconceptualized

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01308.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article presents a Person X Situation model of sexual harassment. In the tradition of Lewin (1951), this model suggests that sexually harassing behavior may be predicted from an analysis of social situational and person factors. Sexual harassment is a behavior that some people do some of the time. The social norms in specific organizational settings may “permit” sexual harassment. Certain individuals may possess proclivities for sexual harassment. When individuals with a proclivity for sexual harassment are placed in social situations that permit or accept this sort of behavior, the behavior is most likely to occur. From a review of research relating social norms in organizational settings and sexual harassment incidence, women are found more likely to experience sexual harassment in workplaces where men perceive the social norms as permitting such behavior. Research on sexual harassment proclivities in men also is reviewed. A profile of men who are high in the likelihood to sexually harass (LSH) is developed through an examination of correlations between the LSH scale and (1) standard self‐report inventories, (2) social cognitive measures, and (3) social behaviors measured in laboratory settings. Possible applications of the Person X Situation analysis to different forms of sexual harassment are disc

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01309.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sexual harassment is considered from the perspective of power abuse in general. Recent research on sexually aggressive men has underscored the importance of power and dominance as a motivator of their behavior toward women. One striking feature of both sexual harassment and the misuse of power is the lack of awareness offenders often show regarding the inappropriateness of their actions. This lack of awareness is similar to automatic or nonconscious effects demonstrated in social perception and judgment research, such as the unintentional influence of one's stereotypes informing impressions of others. The possibility that having power within a situation automatically and nonconsciously triggers a sexuality schema, just as racial or gender features automatically trigger stereotypes of that group, is discussed and supporting research is described. It is shown, for example, that for men likely to sexually harass, merely activating the concept of power without their knowledge causes them to find the same woman more attractive. The possible origins of the automatic power → sex link, and its implications for preventing sexual harassment behavior, are discusse

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01310.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We theorize that sexual harassment in the workplace results from the complex interplay of ambivalent motives and gender stereotyping of women and jobs. Ambivalence combines hostile and “benevolent” sexist motives based on paternalism, gender differentiation, and heterosexuality. Stereotyped images of women and jobs also reflect these three dimensions. Together, these ambivalent motives and stereotyped cognitions promote sexual harassment of different types. Organizational context can encourage or discourage the cognitive‐motivational dimensions that underlie sexual haras

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01311.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The last few years have seen an increasing awareness of sexual harassment as an important social problem with serious implications for individuals and organizations alike, leading to increased attempts to understand how victims respond to this stressful and sometimes traumatic experience. The present article reviews the behavioral science research on responses to sexual harassment, including their links to outcomes and consequences. We then present an alternative to the frequently invoked assertiveness paradigm, derived from the cognitive‐behavioral stress and coping framework. We examine our paradigm in the context of legal proceedings that, in effect, hold the victim responsible for responding appropriately; explore the more general implications of placing the burden of noncom‐sent on the victim; and conclude with a discussion of this research for an emerging legal theory of sexual harassm

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01312.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Our research examines the connection between sexual harassment and other sex discrimination experiences of a sample of women within managerial and professional occupations. In this research, 257 women MBAs were surveyed over a seven‐year period. Women who experienced early discrimination were likely to have experienced discrimination, including sexual harassment seven years later. However, slightly more than one‐third of the women reporting sexual harassment report never experiencing discrimination. A variety of correlates of sexual harassment and discrimination experiences were also examined. Our findings suggest that some women do not perceive their experience with sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination, yet experiences of discrimination and harassment negatively affect work attitudes for women. These findings support the notion of sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination that contributes to a hostile and intimidating work environm

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01313.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY