ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02536.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reviews the empirical literature on people's beliefs about males, particularly how the “typical male” is described on paper‐and‐pencil adjective‐list studies. A threefold categorization is suggested of the traits that seem to be mentioned most often as characteristic of the typical male: (a) how a man handles his life (active and achievement‐oriented), (b) how a man handles others (dominant), and (c) how a man handles his psyche (level‐headed). In addition, several methodological and interpretational problems are described. On the basis of these problems and of findings from studies that examine beliefs about males in different ways, it is suggested that highly stereotypic beliefs about males may be less pervasive than us

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02537.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The popular assumption that the male role, as traditionally defined in our society, is narrowly defined and that men who deviate from that role risk devaluation is reexamined. Two studies are presented which did not support the hypothesis that the adult male role is restrictive. A review of the literature relevant to the latitudes of acceptable masculine behavior is presented and a reconceptualization of the definition of the adult male role is proposed.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02538.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article explores the meaning and dynamics of male homophobia, the irrational fear or intolerance of gay men, and relates this phenomenon to the experience of the male role. Literature on homophobia is reviewed from both the standpoint of socialized belief systems within the culture and from the perspective of individual personality characteristics. Issues in defining homophobia are discussed, and the pervasiveness, manifestations, and correlates of homophobia are examined. Male homophobia is observed to serve the function of keeping men within the boundaries of traditionally defined roles. The experiences of gay men are used as a basis to suggest possible creative role violation for all men.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02539.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Empirical evidence concerning possible relationships between male body type and men's intelligence, sense of masculinity, and social behavior is reviewed. Particular attention is focused on the muscular male and on whether or not he differs in any important way from the male with a stereotypically less masculine body. The most reasonable conclusion to be drawn from the evidence available is that any association between physique and behavior is very weak, that stereotypical perceptions and expectations cloud the relationships, and that replication and extension of existing work is needed.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02540.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The growing differential in life expectancy between men and women in the United States in the twentieth century is noted. Two explanatory perspectives are identified, the biogenetic and the psychosocial. The contemporary emerging analysis of the male role is related to the psychosocial perspective. Methodological problems in evaluating alternative perspectives are identified. Evidence for both views is examined, and it is concluded that the best available evidence confirms the psychosocial perspective that sex‐role socialization accounts for the larger part of men's shorter life expectanc

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02541.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The intent of this paper is to extract those elements of the traditional male sex role which have relevance for sexual behavior and to suggest how they influence adult male heterosexual behavior in contemporary Western society. Two important themes‐the centrality of sexual behavior to male gender identity, and the relative isolation of sex from other aspects of male heterosocial relationships‐are identified. Then a number of linkages between male sexual behaviors/attitudes and general facets of the male sex role are examined: (a) goals and success, (b) control and power, and (c) aggression and violence. It is argued that many of the influences emanating from a restrictive sex‐typed socialization process are maladaptive, and specifically that recent shifts away from the traditional “sexual animal” stereotype toward a modern “competent lover” image are largely surface alterations, that both have their roots in the same learning process with similar perni

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02542.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although males report more same‐sex friendships than women do, most of these are not close, intimate, or characterized by self‐disclosure. Many barriers exist to emotional intimacy between men, some stemming from the demands of traditional male roles in our society, such as pressures to compete, homophobia, and aversion to vulnerability and openness, as well as from the lack of adequate role models. Exercises to increase self‐disclosure, openness, and the potential for deeper affection between men are described as the goals of workshops developed to enable male participants to initiate and maintain meaningful relationships with othe

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02543.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three historical conceptualizations of fathering are described: thetraditionalperspective, marked by the model of the aloof and distant father; themodernperspective, concerned with child outcome variables of sex‐role identity development, academic achievement, and moral development, all of which may be furthered by father‐child contact; and theemergentperspective, exploring the premise that men have the capacity to be effective nurturers of their children. It is suggested that social science has lagged or run parallel to society's discussions about fathering. With increasing social attention on families and the relationship between family life and work life, social scientists have an opportunity to rethink understandings of fathering and to contribute to evolving social policies that affect families in the United Sta

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02544.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The article provides an analysis of role strain experienced by a sample of athletes and nonathletes. Komarovsky's typology of role strain is applied to and further developed through our interview data. The modes of role strain experienced by athletes involved ambiguity of norms, decreasing internal and external rewards for role performance, structural insufficiency of resources, role conflict, overload of role obligations, and role‐intrinsic anxiety and physical damage. The nonathletes experienced role strain involving the incongruity between personality characteristics and the demands of the athletic rol

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02545.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY